Anarchy GNU/Linux 18.01 ISO/IMG

Liens Offiicielle vers le Site du

projet qui viens de parraitre. ownload Page

https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.be

This is the official download for the latest version of Anarchy Linux. Click the download link below to grab the latest copy of Anarchy Linux. We encourage you to use the provided torrent link to keep some load off the server. Simply write this ISO to a USB flash drive, or CD-ROM, insert into your computer and boot into the installer.
Developer/Maintainer: Dylan Schacht
Comments/Bug Reports: deadhead3492@gmail.com
Latest ISO version: 1.0.2 (anarchy repo removed)
Release date: 25 February 2019
Total download size: Minimal-CLI: 586 MB
Anarchy Linux is licensed under: GPL v2
Downloads:
Anarchy Minimal CLI:

Checksums:
Anarchy Linux Latest checksums for file verification
Currently Supported Languages:
English
Bulgarian
Dutch
French
German
Greek
Hungarian
Indonesian
Italian
Latvian
Lithuanian
Polish
Portuguese
Brazilian Portuguese
Romanian
Russian
Swedish
Spanish
Supported Software Architectures:
x86_64 (64 bit)
Multilib (x86_64 + i686)
Write The ISO To A USB:
Windows:
Some people have been running into issues when attempting to write the ISO to a USB using windows. When writing the ISO from a windows system the rufus utility does NOT work, the system will not boot. The best utility for writing the ISO from a windows system is Linux Live USB Creator: LinuxLive USB Creator
BSD, Linux, Mac, UNIX:
When writing the ISO in Linux, Mac, BSD, or other UNIX deritive use the ‘dd’ command
(WARNING: Make sure you use dd command correctly – typing the command wrong can result in damage to your existing filesystem):
dd if=anarchy-cli.iso of=/dev/sdX bs=4M && sync
(Replace ‘X’ with the USB device letter ex: ‘sdc’ ‘sdd’)
lien vers --> blog.lafabriquedelaloi.fr

Au vus de l'actualit;

http://blog.lafabriquedelaloi.fr/category/articles/
https://dd-wrthompson.blogspot.be

(mh=YAn0TC2NYLMg3kkf)S{7}.jpg","thumbHeight":"90","thumbWidth":"160"},"nextVideo":[],"language":"fr"}, utmSource = document.referrer.split('/')[2]; if (utmSource == '' || (utmSource == undefined)){ utmSource = 'www.pornhub.com'; }
GNU Guile

GNU Guile est la langue d'extension officielle du système. GNU a en effet été orienté Lisp depuis son annonce en 1983. Cependant, le système est construit et compilé en C pour la compatibilité avec UNIX. Texinfo est le format de documentation officiel pour le projet. On peut également citer les améliorations apportées à plusieurs logiciels libres alternatifs à ceux d'UNIX: bash, coreutils, bibliothèque C, compilateurs, etc. Enfin, l'architecture du noyau, The Hurd, consiste en un réseau de serveurs distribués fonctionnant sur un GNU Mach.

Toutes les commandes UNIX ont également été réimplémentées et sont maintenues dans le cadre du projet. Il est également responsable de diverses normes innovantes, telles que les options longues 2. Les développements répondent enfin aux normes de codage GNU.

Les distributions UNIX étaient principalement propriétaires. GNU est un système libre. La licence publique générale GNU a été créée à cette fin. La nature même du logiciel libre a favorisé une diffusion plus large des programmes.
Support ECS : SoC, GSM, Chrome-Cast, ChromeBox, ChromeBook, ChromeScreen, ...

Google OTA License Agreement

Android is an open source software created devices with different form factors.
Elitegroup Computer Systems Co., Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as "ECS") hereby provides the online updates of certain open source software through Google OTA ("GOTA") for Android devices for ECS's end users or ECS's customers.
The open source software and the related source code are licensed and made available subject to the terms and conditions of GNU General Public License ("GPL").
THE OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE AND SOURCE CODE ARE PROVIDED "AS IS" AND ECS, ITS AFFILIATES DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES AND REPRESENTATIONS WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE AND RELATED SOURCE CODE NOTWITHSTANDING ALL EXPRESS, IMPLIED, STAUTORY OR OTERWISE INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF TITLE, MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARICULAR PURPOSE, NON-INFRINGEMENT, STATUTORY QUALITY OR CORRECTNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL ECS BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF SUCH OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE AND RELATED SOURCE CODE.
ECS shall not be liable to make corrections and improvement to the open source software or source code or to provide any support with it.
ECS disclaims any and all liability arising out of or with regard to the use of this open source software, the related source code and/or their updates.
Above statement does not affect or enhance any warranty or disclaimer which ECS provides to any ECS's products which embedded with the open source software.
Elitegroup Computer Systems Co. Ltd.
Copyright© 2016, All rights reserved.
The redistribution and use of this software (with or without changes) is allowed without the payment of fees or royalties provided that: source code distributions include the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer; binary distributions include the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in their documentation.
Prostitution *** Les Mafias du Net (documentaire choc) + Episode DBZ Super 125 VoStEN

Vidéo une
# This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
# 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.

# This file is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
# go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
# tz@iana.org for general use in the future).  For more, please see
# the file CONTRIBUTING in the tz distribution.

# From Paul Eggert (2017-02-10):
#
# Unless otherwise specified, the source for data through 1990 is:
# Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
# Unfortunately this book contains many errors and cites no sources.
#
# Many years ago Gwillim Law wrote that a good source
# for time zone data was the International Air Transport
# Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
# published semiannually.  Law sent in several helpful summaries
# of the IATA's data after 1990.  Except where otherwise noted,
# IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
#
# A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
# Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
#
# Except where otherwise noted, Shanks & Pottenger is the source for
# entries through 1991, and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards.
#
# Other sources occasionally used include:
#
# Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
# Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated),
# which I found in the UCLA library.
#
# William Willett, The Waste of Daylight, 19th edition
# 
# [PDF] (1914-03)
#
# Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94
# .  He writes:
# "It is requested that corrections and additions to these tables
# may be sent to Mr. John Milne, Royal Geographical Society,
# Savile Row, London."  Nowadays please email them to tz@iana.org.
#
# Byalokoz EL. New Counting of Time in Russia since July 1, 1919.
# This Russian-language source was consulted by Vladimir Karpinsky; see
# https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2014-August/021320.html
# The full Russian citation is:
# Ð‘ÑÐ»Ð¾ÐºÐ¾Ð·, Ð•Ð²Ð³ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ð¹ Ð›ÑŽÐ´Ð²Ð¸Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ‡. ÐÐ¾Ð²Ñ‹Ð¹ ÑÑ‡ÐµÑ‚ Ð²Ñ€ÐµÐ¼ÐµÐ½Ð¸ Ð² Ñ‚ÐµÑ‡ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ð¸ ÑÑƒÑ‚Ð¾Ðº
# Ð²Ð²ÐµÐ´ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ‹Ð¹ Ð´ÐµÐºÑ€ÐµÑ‚Ð¾Ð¼ Ð¡Ð¾Ð²ÐµÑ‚Ð° Ð½Ð°Ñ€Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ‹Ñ… ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¸ÑÑÐ°Ñ€Ð¾Ð² Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð²ÑÐµÐ¹ Ð Ð¾ÑÑÐ¸Ð¸ Ñ 1-Ð³Ð¾
# Ð¸ÑŽÐ»Ñ 1919 Ð³. / Ð˜Ð·Ð´. 2-Ðµ ÐœÐµÐ¶Ð´ÑƒÐ²ÐµÐ´Ð¾Ð¼ÑÑ‚Ð²ÐµÐ½Ð½Ð¾Ð¹ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¸ÑÑÐ¸Ð¸. - ÐŸÐµÑ‚Ñ€Ð¾Ð³Ñ€Ð°Ð´:
# Ð”ÐµÑÑÑ‚Ð°Ñ Ð³Ð¾Ñ. Ñ‚Ð¸Ð¿., 1919.
# http://resolver.gpntb.ru/purl?docushare/dsweb/Get/Resource-2011/Byalokoz__E.L.__Novyy__schet__vremeni__v__techenie__sutok__izd__2(1).pdf
#
# Brazil's DivisÃ£o ServiÃ§o da Hora (DSHO),
# History of Summer Time
# 
# (1998-09-21, in Portuguese)
#
# I invented the abbreviations marked '*' in the following table;
# the rest are variants of the "xMT" pattern for a city's mean time,
# or are from other sources.  Corrections are welcome!
#                   std  dst  2dst
#                   LMT             Local Mean Time
#       -4:00       AST  ADT        Atlantic
#        0:00       GMT  BST  BDST  Greenwich, British Summer
#        0:00       GMT  IST        Greenwich, Irish Summer
#        0:00       WET  WEST WEMT  Western Europe
#        0:19:32.13 AMT* NST*       Amsterdam, Netherlands Summer (1835-1937)
#        1:00       BST             British Standard (1968-1971)
#        1:00       IST  GMT        Irish Standard (1968-) with winter DST
#        1:00       CET  CEST CEMT  Central Europe
#        1:00:14    SET             Swedish (1879-1899)
#        1:36:34    RMT* LST*       Riga, Latvian Summer (1880-1926)*
#        2:00       EET  EEST       Eastern Europe
#        3:00       MSK  MSD  MDST* Moscow

# From Peter Ilieve (1994-12-04), re EEC/EC/EU members:
# The original six: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy,
# Luxembourg, the Netherlands.
# Plus, from 1 Jan 73: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom.
# Plus, from 1 Jan 81: Greece.
# Plus, from 1 Jan 86: Spain, Portugal.
# Plus, from 1 Jan 95: Austria, Finland, Sweden. (Norway negotiated terms for
# entry but in a referendum on 28 Nov 94 the people voted No by 52.2% to 47.8%
# on a turnout of 88.6%. This was almost the same result as Norway's previous
# referendum in 1972, they are the only country to have said No twice.
# Referendums in the other three countries voted Yes.)
# ...
# Estonia ... uses EU dates but not at 01:00 GMT, they use midnight GMT.
# I don't think they know yet what they will do from 1996 onwards.
# ...
# There shouldn't be any [current members who are not using EU rules].
# A Directive has the force of law, member states are obliged to enact
# national law to implement it. The only contentious issue was the
# different end date for the UK and Ireland, and this was always allowed
# in the Directive.


###############################################################################

# Britain (United Kingdom) and Ireland (Eire)

# From Peter Ilieve (1994-07-06):
#
# On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about
# historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo
# and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph
# of the text said:
#
# 'An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands
# beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longitude
# was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed
# this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They
# made their calculations and set the time for the Horse Guards and Parliament,
# but now the stone is obscured by scrubwood and can only be seen by walking
# along the towpath within a few yards of it.'
#
# I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's
# position is 51 degrees 28' 30" N, 0 degrees 18' 45" W. The longitude should
# be within about +-2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761.
#
# [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.]

# From Paul Eggert (1993-11-18):
#
# Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time.
# The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time,
# and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country.
# The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828)
# and was popularized by Abraham Follett Osler (1808-1903).
# The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway
# in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most
# (though not all) railways used London time.  On 1847-09-22 the
# Railway Clearing House, an industry standards body, recommended that GMT be
# adopted at all stations as soon as the General Post Office permitted it.
# The transition occurred on 12-01 for the L&NW, the Caledonian,
# and presumably other railways; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists many
# railways as using GMT.  By 1855 the vast majority of public
# clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the great clock
# on Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands,
# one for local time and one for GMT).  The last major holdout was the legal
# system, which stubbornly stuck to local time for many years, leading
# to oddities like polls opening at 08:13 and closing at 16:13.
# The legal system finally switched to GMT when the Statutes (Definition
# of Time) Act took effect; it received the Royal Assent on 1880-08-02.
#
# In the tables below, we condense this complicated story into a single
# transition date for London, namely 1847-12-01.  We don't know as much
# about Dublin, so we use 1880-08-02, the legal transition time.

# From Paul Eggert (2014-07-19):
# The ancients had no need for daylight saving, as they kept time
# informally or via hours whose length depended on the time of year.
# Daylight saving time in its modern sense was invented by the
# New Zealand entomologist George Vernon Hudson (1867-1946),
# whose day job as a postal clerk led him to value
# after-hours daylight in which to pursue his research.
# In 1895 he presented a paper to the Wellington Philosophical Society
# that proposed a two-hour daylight-saving shift.  See:
# Hudson GV. On seasonal time-adjustment in countries south of lat. 30 deg.
# Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute. 1895;28:734
# http://rsnz.natlib.govt.nz/volume/rsnz_28/rsnz_28_00_006110.html
# Although some interest was expressed in New Zealand, his proposal
# did not find its way into law and eventually it was almost forgotten.
#
# In England, DST was independently reinvented by William Willett (1857-1915),
# a London builder and member of the Royal Astronomical Society
# who circulated a pamphlet "The Waste of Daylight" (1907)
# that proposed advancing clocks 20 minutes on each of four Sundays in April,
# and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September.
# A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times,
# but it met with ridicule and opposition, especially from farming interests.
# Later editions of the pamphlet proposed one-hour summer time, and
# it was eventually adopted as a wartime measure in 1916.
# See: Summer Time Arrives Early, The Times (2000-05-18).
# A monument to Willett was unveiled on 1927-05-21, in an open space in
# a 45-acre wood near Chislehurst, Kent that was purchased by popular
# subscription and open to the public.  On the south face of the monolith,
# designed by G. W. Miller, is the William Willett Memorial Sundial,
# which is permanently set to Summer Time.

# From Winston Churchill (1934-04-28):
# It is one of the paradoxes of history that we should owe the boon of
# summer time, which gives every year to the people of this country
# between 160 and 170 hours more daylight leisure, to a war which
# plunged Europe into darkness for four years, and shook the
# foundations of civilization throughout the world.
# -- "A Silent Toast to William Willett", Pictorial Weekly;
# republished in Finest Hour (Spring 2002) 1(114):26
# https://www.winstonchurchill.org/publications/finest-hour/finest-hour-114/a-silent-toast-to-william-willett-by-winston-s-churchill

# From Paul Eggert (2015-08-08):
# The OED Supplement says that the English originally said "Daylight Saving"
# when they were debating the adoption of DST in 1908; but by 1916 this
# term appears only in quotes taken from DST's opponents, whereas the
# proponents (who eventually won the argument) are quoted as using "Summer".
# The term "Summer Time" was introduced by Herbert Samuel, Home Secretary; see:
# Viscount Samuel. Leisure in a Democracy. Cambridge University Press
# ISBN 978-1-107-49471-8 (1949, reissued 2015), p 8.

# From Arthur David Olson (1989-01-19):
# A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's
# known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom.

# Date: 4 Jan 89 08:57:25 GMT (Wed)
# From: Jonathan Leffler
# [British Summer Time] is fixed annually by Act of Parliament.
# If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in
# politics making a fortune, not computing.

# From Chris Carrier (1996-06-14):
# I remember reading in various wartime issues of the London Times the
# acronym BDST for British Double Summer Time.  Look for the published
# time of sunrise and sunset in The Times, when BDST was in effect, and
# if you find a zone reference it will say, "All times B.D.S.T."

# From Joseph S. Myers (1999-09-02):
# ... some military cables (WO 219/4100 - this is a copy from the
# main SHAEF archives held in the US National Archives, SHAEF/5252/8/516)
# agree that the usage is BDST (this appears in a message dated 17 Feb 1945).

# From Joseph S. Myers (2000-10-03):
# On 18th April 1941, Sir Stephen Tallents of the BBC wrote to Sir
# Alexander Maxwell of the Home Office asking whether there was any
# official designation; the reply of the 21st was that there wasn't
# but he couldn't think of anything better than the "Double British
# Summer Time" that the BBC had been using informally.
# https://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/bbc-19410418.png
# https://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/ho-19410421.png

# From Sir Alexander Maxwell in the above-mentioned letter (1941-04-21):
# [N]o official designation has as far as I know been adopted for the time
# which is to be introduced in May....
# I cannot think of anything better than "Double British Summer Time"
# which could not be said to run counter to any official description.

# From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02):
# Howse writes (p 157) 'DBST' too, but 'BDST' seems to have been common
# and follows the more usual convention of putting the location name first,
# so we use 'BDST'.

# Peter Ilieve (1998-04-19) described at length
# the history of summer time legislation in the United Kingdom.
# Since 1998 Joseph S. Myers has been updating
# and extending this list, which can be found in
# https://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/

# From Joseph S. Myers (1998-01-06):
#
# The legal time in the UK outside of summer time is definitely GMT, not UTC;
# see Lord Tanlaw's speech
# https://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld199798/ldhansrd/vo970611/text/70611-10.htm#70611-10_head0
# (Lords Hansard 11 June 1997 columns 964 to 976).

# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
#
# For lack of other data, follow Shanks & Pottenger for Eire in 1940-1948.
#
# Given Ilieve and Myers's data, the following claims by Shanks & Pottenger
# are incorrect:
#     * Wales did not switch from GMT to daylight saving time until
# 1921 Apr 3, when they began to conform with the rest of Great Britain.
# Actually, Wales was identical after 1880.
#     * Eire had two transitions on 1916 Oct 1.
# It actually just had one transition.
#     * Northern Ireland used single daylight saving time throughout WW II.
# Actually, it conformed to Britain.
#     * GB-Eire changed standard time to 1 hour ahead of GMT on 1968-02-18.
# Actually, that date saw the usual switch to summer time.
# Standard time was not changed until 1968-10-27 (the clocks didn't change).
#
# Here is another incorrect claim by Shanks & Pottenger:
#     * Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man did not switch from GMT
# to daylight saving time until 1921 Apr 3, when they began to
# conform with Great Britain.
# S.R.&O. 1916, No. 382 and HO 45/10811/312364 (quoted above) say otherwise.
#
# The following claim by Shanks & Pottenger is possible though doubtful;
# we'll ignore it for now.
#     * Dublin's 1971-10-31 switch was at 02:00, even though London's was 03:00.

# From Paul Eggert (2017-12-04):
#
# Dunsink Observatory (8 km NW of Dublin's center) was to Dublin as
# Greenwich was to London.  For example:
#
#   "Timeball on the ballast office is down.  Dunsink time."
#   -- James Joyce, Ulysses
#
# The abbreviation DMT stood for "Dublin Mean Time" or "Dunsink Mean Time";
# this being Ireland, opinions differed.
#
# Whitman says Dublin/Dunsink Mean Time was UT-00:25:21, which agrees
# with measurements of recent visitors to the Meridian Room of Dunsink
# Observatory; see Malone D. Dunsink and timekeeping. 2016-01-24.
# .  Malone
# writes that the Nautical Almanac listed UT-00:25:22 until 1896, when
# it moved to UT-00:25:21.1 (I confirmed that the 1893 edition used
# the former and the 1896 edition used the latter).  Evidently the
# news of this change propagated slowly, as Milne 1899 still lists
# UT-00:25:22 and cites the International Telegraph Bureau.  As it is
# not clear that there was any practical significance to the change
# from UT-00:25:22 to UT-00:25:21.1 in civil timekeeping, omit this
# transition for now and just use the latter value, omitting its
# fraction since our format cannot represent fractions.

# "Countess Markievicz ... claimed that the [1916] abolition of Dublin Mean Time
# was among various actions undertaken by the 'English' government that
# would 'put the whole country into the SF (Sinn FÃ©in) camp'.  She claimed
# Irish 'public feeling (was) outraged by forcing of English time on us'."
# -- Parsons M. Dublin lost its time zone - and 25 minutes - after 1916 Rising.
# Irish Times 2014-10-27.
# https://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/dublin-lost-its-time-zone-and-25-minutes-after-1916-rising-1.1977411

# From Joseph S. Myers (2005-01-26):
# Irish laws are available online at .
# These include various relating to legal time, for example:
#
# ZZA13Y1923.html ZZA12Y1924.html ZZA8Y1925.html ZZSIV20PG1267.html
#
# ZZSI71Y1947.html ZZSI128Y1948.html ZZSI23Y1949.html ZZSI41Y1950.html
# ZZSI27Y1951.html ZZSI73Y1952.html
#
# ZZSI11Y1961.html ZZSI232Y1961.html ZZSI182Y1962.html
# ZZSI167Y1963.html ZZSI257Y1964.html ZZSI198Y1967.html
# ZZA23Y1968.html ZZA17Y1971.html
#
# ZZSI67Y1981.html ZZSI212Y1982.html ZZSI45Y1986.html
# ZZSI264Y1988.html ZZSI52Y1990.html ZZSI371Y1992.html
# ZZSI395Y1994.html ZZSI484Y1997.html ZZSI506Y2001.html
#
# [These are all relative to the root, e.g., the first is
# .]
#
# (These are those I found, but there could be more.  In any case these
# should allow various updates to the comments in the europe file to cover
# the laws applicable in Ireland.)
#
# (Note that the time in the Republic of Ireland since 1968 has been defined
# in terms of standard time being GMT+1 with a period of winter time when it
# is GMT, rather than standard time being GMT with a period of summer time
# being GMT+1.)

# From Paul Eggert (1999-03-28):
# Clive Feather (, 1997-03-31)
# reports that Folkestone (Cheriton) Shuttle Terminal uses Concession Time
# (CT), equivalent to French civil time.
# Julian Hill (, 1998-09-30) reports that
# trains between Dollands Moor (the freight facility next door)
# and Frethun run in CT.
# My admittedly uninformed guess is that the terminal has two authorities,
# the French concession operators and the British civil authorities,
# and that the time depends on who you're talking to.
# If, say, the British police were called to the station for some reason,
# I would expect the official police report to use GMT/BST and not CET/CEST.
# This is a borderline case, but for now let's stick to GMT/BST.

# From an anonymous contributor (1996-06-02):
# The law governing time in Ireland is under Statutory Instrument SI 395/94,
# which gives force to European Union 7th Council Directive No. 94/21/EC.
# Under this directive, the Minister for Justice in Ireland makes appropriate
# regulations. I spoke this morning with the Secretary of the Department of
# Justice (tel +353 1 678 9711) who confirmed to me that the correct name is
# "Irish Summer Time", abbreviated to "IST".
#
# From Paul Eggert (2017-12-07):
# The 1996 anonymous contributor's goal was to determine the correct
# abbreviation for summer time in Dublin and so the contributor
# focused on the "IST", not on the "Irish Summer Time".  Though the
# "IST" was correct, the "Irish Summer Time" appears to have been an
# error, as Ireland's Standard Time (Amendment) Act, 1971 states that
# standard time in Ireland remains at UT +01 and is observed in
# summer, and that Greenwich mean time is observed in winter.  (Thanks
# to Derick Rethans for pointing out the error.)  That is, when
# Ireland amended the 1968 act that established UT +01 as Irish
# Standard Time, it left standard time unchanged and established GMT
# as a negative daylight saving time in winter.  So, in this database
# IST stands for Irish Summer Time for timestamps before 1968, and for
# Irish Standard Time after that.  See:
# http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1971/act/17/enacted/en/print

# Michael Deckers (2017-06-01) gave the following URLs for Ireland's
# Summer Time Act, 1925 and Summer Time Orders, 1926 and 1947:
# http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1925/act/8/enacted/en/print
# http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1926/sro/919/made/en/print
# http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1947/sro/71/made/en/print

# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
# Summer Time Act, 1916
Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - May 21 2:00s 1:00 BST
Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - Oct  1 2:00s 0 GMT
# S.R.&O. 1917, No. 358
Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Apr  8 2:00s 1:00 BST
Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 GMT
# S.R.&O. 1918, No. 274
Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Mar 24 2:00s 1:00 BST
Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Sep 30 2:00s 0 GMT
# S.R.&O. 1919, No. 297
Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 BST
Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Sep 29 2:00s 0 GMT
# S.R.&O. 1920, No. 458
Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Mar 28 2:00s 1:00 BST
# S.R.&O. 1920, No. 1844
Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Oct 25 2:00s 0 GMT
# S.R.&O. 1921, No. 363
Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Apr  3 2:00s 1:00 BST
Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Oct  3 2:00s 0 GMT
# S.R.&O. 1922, No. 264
Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 BST
Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Oct  8 2:00s 0 GMT
# The Summer Time Act, 1922
Rule GB-Eire 1923 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
Rule GB-Eire 1923 1924 - Sep Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
Rule GB-Eire 1924 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
Rule GB-Eire 1925 1926 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
# The Summer Time Act, 1925
Rule GB-Eire 1925 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
Rule GB-Eire 1927 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
Rule GB-Eire 1928 1929 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
Rule GB-Eire 1930 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
Rule GB-Eire 1931 1932 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
Rule GB-Eire 1933 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
Rule GB-Eire 1934 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
Rule GB-Eire 1935 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
Rule GB-Eire 1936 1937 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
Rule GB-Eire 1938 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
# S.R.&O. 1939, No. 1379
Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Nov Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
# S.R.&O. 1940, No. 172 and No. 1883
Rule GB-Eire 1940 only - Feb Sun>=23 2:00s 1:00 BST
# S.R.&O. 1941, No. 476
Rule GB-Eire 1941 only - May Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
Rule GB-Eire 1941 1943 - Aug Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
# S.R.&O. 1942, No. 506
Rule GB-Eire 1942 1944 - Apr Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
# S.R.&O. 1944, No. 932
Rule GB-Eire 1944 only - Sep Sun>=16 1:00s 1:00 BST
# S.R.&O. 1945, No. 312
Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Apr Mon>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Jul Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
# S.R.&O. 1945, No. 1208
Rule GB-Eire 1945 1946 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
Rule GB-Eire 1946 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
# The Summer Time Act, 1947
Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Mar 16 2:00s 1:00 BST
Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Apr 13 1:00s 2:00 BDST
Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Aug 10 1:00s 1:00 BST
Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Nov  2 2:00s 0 GMT
# Summer Time Order, 1948 (S.I. 1948/495)
Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Mar 14 2:00s 1:00 BST
Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Oct 31 2:00s 0 GMT
# Summer Time Order, 1949 (S.I. 1949/373)
Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Apr  3 2:00s 1:00 BST
Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Oct 30 2:00s 0 GMT
# Summer Time Order, 1950 (S.I. 1950/518)
# Summer Time Order, 1951 (S.I. 1951/430)
# Summer Time Order, 1952 (S.I. 1952/451)
Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Apr Sun>=14 2:00s 1:00 BST
Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Oct Sun>=21 2:00s 0 GMT
# revert to the rules of the Summer Time Act, 1925
Rule GB-Eire 1953 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
Rule GB-Eire 1953 1960 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
Rule GB-Eire 1954 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
Rule GB-Eire 1955 1956 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
Rule GB-Eire 1957 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
Rule GB-Eire 1958 1959 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
Rule GB-Eire 1960 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
# Summer Time Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/71)
# Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/2465)
# Summer Time Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/81)
Rule GB-Eire 1961 1963 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 BST
Rule GB-Eire 1961 1968 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
# Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/2101)
# Summer Time Order, 1964 (S.I. 1964/1201)
# Summer Time Order, 1967 (S.I. 1967/1148)
Rule GB-Eire 1964 1967 - Mar Sun>=19 2:00s 1:00 BST
# Summer Time Order, 1968 (S.I. 1968/117)
Rule GB-Eire 1968 only - Feb 18 2:00s 1:00 BST
# The British Standard Time Act, 1968
# (no summer time)
# The Summer Time Act, 1972
Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Mar Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
# Summer Time Order, 1980 (S.I. 1980/1089)
# Summer Time Order, 1982 (S.I. 1982/1673)
# Summer Time Order, 1986 (S.I. 1986/223)
# Summer Time Order, 1988 (S.I. 1988/931)
Rule GB-Eire 1981 1995 - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 BST
Rule GB-Eire 1981 1989 - Oct Sun>=23 1:00u 0 GMT
# Summer Time Order, 1989 (S.I. 1989/985)
# Summer Time Order, 1992 (S.I. 1992/1729)
# Summer Time Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/2798)
Rule GB-Eire 1990 1995 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00u 0 GMT
# Summer Time Order 1997 (S.I. 1997/2982)
# See EU for rules starting in 1996.
#
# Use Europe/London for Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man.

# Zone NAME  GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Europe/London -0:01:15 - LMT 1847 Dec  1  0:00s
    0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27
    1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31  2:00u
    0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996
    0:00 EU GMT/BST
Link Europe/London Europe/Jersey
Link Europe/London Europe/Guernsey
Link Europe/London Europe/Isle_of_Man

# From Paul Eggert (2018-01-19):
# The following is like GB-Eire and EU, except with standard time in
# summer and negative daylight saving time in winter.
# Although currently commented out, this will need to become uncommented
# once the ICU/OpenJDK workaround is removed; see below.
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
#Rule Eire 1971 only - Oct 31  2:00u -1:00 GMT
#Rule Eire 1972 1980 - Mar Sun>=16  2:00u 0 IST
#Rule Eire 1972 1980 - Oct Sun>=23  2:00u -1:00 GMT
#Rule Eire 1981 max - Mar lastSun  1:00u 0 IST
#Rule Eire 1981 1989 - Oct Sun>=23  1:00u -1:00 GMT
#Rule Eire 1990 1995 - Oct Sun>=22  1:00u -1:00 GMT
#Rule Eire 1996 max - Oct lastSun  1:00u -1:00 GMT

# Zone NAME  GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Dublin -0:25:00 - LMT 1880 Aug  2
   -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21  2:00s
   -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct  1  2:00s
    0:00 GB-Eire %s 1921 Dec  6 # independence
    0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1940 Feb 25  2:00s
    0:00 1:00 IST 1946 Oct  6  2:00s
    0:00 - GMT 1947 Mar 16  2:00s
    0:00 1:00 IST 1947 Nov  2  2:00s
    0:00 - GMT 1948 Apr 18  2:00s
    0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1968 Oct 27
# From Paul Eggert (2018-01-18):
# The next line should look like this:
#    1:00 Eire IST/GMT
# However, in January 2018 we discovered that the Eire rules cause
# problems with tests for ICU:
# https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2018-January/025825.html
# and with tests for OpenJDK:
# https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2018-January/025822.html
# To work around this problem, use a traditional approximation for
# time stamps after 1971-10-31 02:00 UTC, to give ICU and OpenJDK
# developers breathing room to fix bugs.  This approximation has
# correct UTC offsets, but results in tm_isdst flags are the reverse
# of what they should be.  This workaround is temporary and should be
# removed reasonably soon.
    1:00 - IST 1971 Oct 31  2:00u
    0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1996
    0:00 EU GMT/IST
# End of workaround for ICU and OpenJDK bugs.


###############################################################################

# Europe

# The following rules are for the European Union and for its
# predecessor organization, the European Communities.
# For brevity they are called "EU rules" elsewhere in this file.

# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule EU 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1  1:00u 1:00 S
Rule EU 1977 only - Sep lastSun  1:00u 0 -
Rule EU 1978 only - Oct  1  1:00u 0 -
Rule EU 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun  1:00u 0 -
Rule EU 1981 max - Mar lastSun  1:00u 1:00 S
Rule EU 1996 max - Oct lastSun  1:00u 0 -
# The most recent directive covers the years starting in 2002.  See:
# Directive 2000/84/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
# of 19 January 2001 on summer-time arrangements.
# http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32000L0084:EN:NOT

# W-Eur differs from EU only in that W-Eur uses standard time.
Rule W-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1  1:00s 1:00 S
Rule W-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun  1:00s 0 -
Rule W-Eur 1978 only - Oct  1  1:00s 0 -
Rule W-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun  1:00s 0 -
Rule W-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun  1:00s 1:00 S
Rule W-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun  1:00s 0 -

# Older C-Eur rules are for convenience in the tables.
# From 1977 on, C-Eur differs from EU only in that C-Eur uses standard time.
Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Oct  1  1:00 0 -
Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Apr Mon>=15  2:00s 1:00 S
Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Sep Mon>=15  2:00s 0 -
Rule C-Eur 1940 only - Apr  1  2:00s 1:00 S
Rule C-Eur 1942 only - Nov  2  2:00s 0 -
Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Mar 29  2:00s 1:00 S
Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Oct  4  2:00s 0 -
Rule C-Eur 1944 1945 - Apr Mon>=1  2:00s 1:00 S
# Whitman gives 1944 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
Rule C-Eur 1944 only - Oct  2  2:00s 0 -
# From Jesper NÃ¸rgaard Welen (2008-07-13):
#
# I found what is probably a typo of 2:00 which should perhaps be 2:00s
# in the C-Eur rule from tz database version 2008d (this part was
# corrected in version 2008d). The circumstantial evidence is simply the
# tz database itself, as seen below:
#
# Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15  0:01
#    0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16  3:00
#
# Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15
#    0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16  3:00
#
# Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
#    1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16  2:00s
#
# Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16  3:00 0 -
# Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16  2:00s 0 -
# Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
#
# The rule line to be changed is:
#
# Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16  2:00 0 -
#
# It seems that Paris, Monaco, Rule France, Rule Belgium all agree on
# 2:00 standard time, e.g. 3:00 local time.  However there are no
# countries that use C-Eur rules in September 1945, so the only items
# affected are apparently these fictitious zones that translate acronyms
# CET and MET:
#
# Zone CET  1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
# Zone MET  1:00 C-Eur ME%sT
#
# It this is right then the corrected version would look like:
#
# Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16  2:00s 0 -
#
# A small step for mankind though 8-)
Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16  2:00s 0 -
Rule C-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1  2:00s 1:00 S
Rule C-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun  2:00s 0 -
Rule C-Eur 1978 only - Oct  1  2:00s 0 -
Rule C-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun  2:00s 0 -
Rule C-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun  2:00s 1:00 S
Rule C-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun  2:00s 0 -

# E-Eur differs from EU only in that E-Eur switches at midnight local time.
Rule E-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1  0:00 1:00 S
Rule E-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun  0:00 0 -
Rule E-Eur 1978 only - Oct  1  0:00 0 -
Rule E-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun  0:00 0 -
Rule E-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun  0:00 1:00 S
Rule E-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun  0:00 0 -


# Daylight saving time for Russia and the Soviet Union
#
# The 1917-1921 decree URLs are from Alexander Belopolsky (2016-08-23).

# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule Russia 1917 only - Jul  1 23:00 1:00 MST  # Moscow Summer Time
#
# Decree No. 142 (1917-12-22) http://istmat.info/node/28137
Rule Russia 1917 only - Dec 28  0:00 0 MMT  # Moscow Mean Time
#
# Decree No. 497 (1918-05-30) http://istmat.info/node/30001
Rule Russia 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 MDST # Moscow Double Summer Time
Rule Russia 1918 only - Sep 16  1:00 1:00 MST
#
# Decree No. 258 (1919-05-29) http://istmat.info/node/37949
Rule Russia 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 MDST
#
Rule Russia 1919 only - Jul  1  0:00u 1:00 MSD
Rule Russia 1919 only - Aug 16  0:00 0 MSK
#
# Decree No. 63 (1921-02-03) http://istmat.info/node/45840
Rule Russia 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 MSD
#
# Decree No. 121 (1921-03-07) http://istmat.info/node/45949
Rule Russia 1921 only - Mar 20 23:00 2:00 +05
#
Rule Russia 1921 only - Sep  1  0:00 1:00 MSD
Rule Russia 1921 only - Oct  1  0:00 0 -
# Act No. 925 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1980-10-24):
Rule Russia 1981 1984 - Apr  1  0:00 1:00 S
Rule Russia 1981 1983 - Oct  1  0:00 0 -
# Act No. 967 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1984-09-13), repeated in
# Act No. 227 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1989-03-14):
Rule Russia 1984 1995 - Sep lastSun  2:00s 0 -
Rule Russia 1985 2010 - Mar lastSun  2:00s 1:00 S
#
Rule Russia 1996 2010 - Oct lastSun  2:00s 0 -
# As described below, Russia's 2014 change affects Zone data, not Rule data.

# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
# Wikipedia and other sources refer to the Act of the Council of
# Ministers of the USSR from 1988-01-04 No. 5 and the Act of the
# Council of Ministers of the USSR from 1989-03-14 No. 227.
#
# I did not find full texts of these acts.  For the 1989 one we have
# title at https://base.garant.ru/70754136/ :
# "About change in calculation of time on the territories of
# Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR and Estonian SSR, Astrakhan,
# Kaliningrad, Kirov, Kuybyshev, Ulyanovsk and Uralsk oblasts".
# And http://astrozet.net/files/Zones/DOC/RU/1980-925.txt appears to
# contain quotes from both acts: Since last Sunday of March 1988 rules
# of the second time belt are installed in Volgograd and Saratov
# oblasts.  Since last Sunday of March 1989:
# a) Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR, Estonian SSR, Kaliningrad oblast:
# second time belt rules without extra hour (Moscow-1);
# b) Astrakhan, Kirov, Kuybyshev, Ulyanovsk oblasts: second time belt
# rules (Moscow time)
# c) Uralsk oblast: third time belt rules (Moscow+1).

# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-27):
# Unamended version of the act of the
# Government of the Russian Federation No. 23 from 08.01.1992
# http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&nd=102014034&rdk=0
# says that every year clocks were to be moved forward on last Sunday
# of March at 2 hours and moved backwards on last Sunday of September
# at 3 hours.  It was amended in 1996 to replace September with October.

# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-06-14):
# According to Kremlin press service, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev
# signed a federal law "On calculation of time" on June 9, 2011.
# According to the law Russia is abolishing daylight saving time.
#
# Medvedev signed a law "On the Calculation of Time" (in russian):
# http://bmockbe.ru/events/?ID=7583
#
# Medvedev signed a law on the calculation of the time (in russian):
# https://www.regnum.ru/news/polit/1413906.html

# From Arthur David Olson (2011-06-15):
# Take "abolishing daylight saving time" to mean that time is now considered
# to be standard.

# These are for backward compatibility with older versions.

# Zone NAME  GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone WET  0:00 EU WE%sT
Zone CET  1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
Zone MET  1:00 C-Eur ME%sT
Zone EET  2:00 EU EE%sT

# Previous editions of this database used abbreviations like MET DST
# for Central European Summer Time, but this didn't agree with common usage.

# From Markus Kuhn (1996-07-12):
# The official German names ... are
#
# MitteleuropÃ¤ische Zeit (MEZ)         = UTC+01:00
# MitteleuropÃ¤ische Sommerzeit (MESZ)  = UTC+02:00
#
# as defined in the German Time Act (Gesetz Ã¼ber die Zeitbestimmung (ZeitG),
# 1978-07-25, Bundesgesetzblatt, Jahrgang 1978, Teil I, S. 1110-1111)....
# I wrote ... to the German Federal Physical-Technical Institution
#
# Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB)
# Laboratorium 4.41 "Zeiteinheit"
# Postfach 3345
# D-38023 Braunschweig
# phone: +49 531 592-0
#
# ... I received today an answer letter from Dr. Peter Hetzel, head of the PTB
# department for time and frequency transmission.  He explained that the
# PTB translates MEZ and MESZ into English as
#
# Central European Time (CET)         = UTC+01:00
# Central European Summer Time (CEST) = UTC+02:00


# Albania
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule Albania 1940 only - Jun 16 0:00 1:00 S
Rule Albania 1942 only - Nov  2 3:00 0 -
Rule Albania 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 1:00 S
Rule Albania 1943 only - Apr 10 3:00 0 -
Rule Albania 1974 only - May  4 0:00 1:00 S
Rule Albania 1974 only - Oct  2 0:00 0 -
Rule Albania 1975 only - May  1 0:00 1:00 S
Rule Albania 1975 only - Oct  2 0:00 0 -
Rule Albania 1976 only - May  2 0:00 1:00 S
Rule Albania 1976 only - Oct  3 0:00 0 -
Rule Albania 1977 only - May  8 0:00 1:00 S
Rule Albania 1977 only - Oct  2 0:00 0 -
Rule Albania 1978 only - May  6 0:00 1:00 S
Rule Albania 1978 only - Oct  1 0:00 0 -
Rule Albania 1979 only - May  5 0:00 1:00 S
Rule Albania 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
Rule Albania 1980 only - May  3 0:00 1:00 S
Rule Albania 1980 only - Oct  4 0:00 0 -
Rule Albania 1981 only - Apr 26 0:00 1:00 S
Rule Albania 1981 only - Sep 27 0:00 0 -
Rule Albania 1982 only - May  2 0:00 1:00 S
Rule Albania 1982 only - Oct  3 0:00 0 -
Rule Albania 1983 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 S
Rule Albania 1983 only - Oct  1 0:00 0 -
Rule Albania 1984 only - Apr  1 0:00 1:00 S
# Zone NAME  GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Tirane 1:19:20 - LMT 1914
   1:00 - CET 1940 Jun 16
   1:00 Albania CE%sT 1984 Jul
   1:00 EU CE%sT

# Andorra
# Zone NAME  GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Andorra 0:06:04 - LMT 1901
   0:00 - WET 1946 Sep 30
   1:00 - CET 1985 Mar 31  2:00
   1:00 EU CE%sT

# Austria

# Milne says Vienna time was 1:05:21.

# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): Shanks & Pottenger give 1918-06-16 and
# 1945-11-18, but the Austrian Federal Office of Metrology and
# Surveying (BEV) gives 1918-09-16 and for Vienna gives the "alleged"
# date of 1945-04-12 with no time.  For the 1980-04-06 transition
# Shanks & Pottenger give 02:00, the BEV 00:00.  Go with the BEV,
# and guess 02:00 for 1945-04-12.

# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule Austria 1920 only - Apr  5 2:00s 1:00 S
Rule Austria 1920 only - Sep 13 2:00s 0 -
Rule Austria 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
Rule Austria 1946 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
Rule Austria 1947 only - Apr  6 2:00s 1:00 S
Rule Austria 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
Rule Austria 1980 only - Apr  6 0:00 1:00 S
Rule Austria 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
# Zone NAME  GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Vienna 1:05:21 - LMT 1893 Apr
   1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1920
   1:00 Austria CE%sT 1940 Apr  1  2:00s
   1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr  2  2:00s
   1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Apr 12  2:00s
   1:00 - CET 1946
   1:00 Austria CE%sT 1981
   1:00 EU CE%sT

# Belarus
#
# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-07-02):
# http://www.lawbelarus.com/repub/sub30/texf9611.htm
# (Act of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus from
# 1992-03-25 No. 157) ... says clocks were to be moved forward at 2:00
# on last Sunday of March and backward at 3:00 on last Sunday of September
# (the same as previous USSR and contemporary Russian regulations).
#
# From Yauhen Kharuzhy (2011-09-16):
# By latest Belarus government act Europe/Minsk timezone was changed to
# GMT+3 without DST (was GMT+2 with DST).
#
# Sources (Russian language):
# http://www.belta.by/ru/all_news/society/V-Belarusi-otmenjaetsja-perexod-na-sezonnoe-vremja_i_572952.html
# http://naviny.by/rubrics/society/2011/09/16/ic_articles_116_175144/
# https://news.tut.by/society/250578.html
#
# From Alexander Bokovoy (2014-10-09):
# Belarussian government decided against changing to winter time....
# http://eng.belta.by/all_news/society/Belarus-decides-against-adjusting-time-in-Russias-wake_i_76335.html
#
# Zone NAME  GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Minsk 1:50:16 - LMT 1880
   1:50 - MMT 1924 May  2 # Minsk Mean Time
   2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
   3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 28
   1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul  3
   3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
   3:00 - MSK 1991 Mar 31  2:00s
   2:00 Russia EE%sT 2011 Mar 27  2:00s
   3:00 - +03

# Belgium
#
# From Paul Eggert (1997-07-02):
# Entries from 1918 through 1991 are taken from:
# Annuaire de L'Observatoire Royal de Belgique,
# Avenue Circulaire, 3, B-1180 BRUXELLES, CLVIIe annÃ©e, 1991
# (Imprimerie HAYEZ, s.p.r.l., Rue Fin, 4, 1080 BRUXELLES, MCMXC),
# pp 8-9.
# LMT before 1892 was 0:17:30, according to the official journal of Belgium:
# Moniteur Belge, Samedi 30 Avril 1892, N.121.
# Thanks to Pascal Delmoitie for these references.
# The 1918 rules are listed for completeness; they apply to unoccupied Belgium.
# Assume Brussels switched to WET in 1918 when the armistice took effect.
#
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule Belgium 1918 only - Mar  9  0:00s 1:00 S
Rule Belgium 1918 1919 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
Rule Belgium 1919 only - Mar  1 23:00s 1:00 S
Rule Belgium 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
Rule Belgium 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
Rule Belgium 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
Rule Belgium 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
Rule Belgium 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
Rule Belgium 1922 1927 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
Rule Belgium 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00s 1:00 S
Rule Belgium 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
Rule Belgium 1925 only - Apr  4 23:00s 1:00 S
# DSH writes that a royal decree of 1926-02-22 specified the Sun following 3rd
# Sat in Apr (except if it's Easter, in which case it's one Sunday earlier),
# to Sun following 1st Sat in Oct, and that a royal decree of 1928-09-15
# changed the transition times to 02:00 GMT.
Rule Belgium 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
Rule Belgium 1927 only - Apr  9 23:00s 1:00 S
Rule Belgium 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
Rule Belgium 1928 1938 - Oct Sun>=2  2:00s 0 -
Rule Belgium 1929 only - Apr 21  2:00s 1:00 S
Rule Belgium 1930 only - Apr 13  2:00s 1:00 S
Rule Belgium 1931 only - Apr 19  2:00s 1:00 S
Rule Belgium 1932 only - Apr  3  2:00s 1:00 S
Rule Belgium 1933 only - Mar 26  2:00s 1:00 S
Rule Belgium 1934 only - Apr  8  2:00s 1:00 S
Rule Belgium 1935 only - Mar 31  2:00s 1:00 S
Rule Belgium 1936 only - Apr 19  2:00s 1:00 S
Rule Belgium 1937 only - Apr  4  2:00s 1:00 S
Rule Belgium 1938 only - Mar 27  2:00s 1:00 S
Rule Belgium 1939 only - Apr 16  2:00s 1:00 S
Rule Belgium 1939 only - Nov 19  2:00s 0 -
Rule Belgium 1940 only - Feb 25  2:00s 1:00 S
Rule Belgium 1944 only - Sep 17  2:00s 0 -
Rule Belgium 1945 only - Apr  2  2:00s 1:00 S
Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16  2:00s 0 -
Rule Belgium 1946 only - May 19  2:00s 1:00 S
Rule Belgium 1946 only - Oct  7  2:00s 0 -
# Zone NAME  GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Brussels 0:17:30 - LMT 1880
   0:17:30 - BMT 1892 May  1 12:00  # Brussels MT
   0:00 - WET 1914 Nov  8
   1:00 - CET 1916 May  1  0:00
   1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Nov 11 11:00u
   0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 20  2:00s
   1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep  3
   1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
   1:00 EU CE%sT

# Bosnia and Herzegovina
# See Europe/Belgrade.

# Bulgaria
#
# From Plamen Simenov via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
# A document of Government of Bulgaria (No. 94/1997) says:
# EET -> EETDST is in 03:00 Local time in last Sunday of March ...
# EETDST -> EET is in 04:00 Local time in last Sunday of October
#
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule Bulg 1979 only - Mar 31 23:00 1:00 S
Rule Bulg 1979 only - Oct  1  1:00 0 -
Rule Bulg 1980 1982 - Apr Sat>=1 23:00 1:00 S
Rule Bulg 1980 only - Sep 29  1:00 0 -
Rule Bulg 1981 only - Sep 27  2:00 0 -
# Zone NAME  GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Sofia 1:33:16 - LMT 1880
   1:56:56 - IMT 1894 Nov 30 # Istanbul MT?
   2:00 - EET 1942 Nov  2  3:00
   1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
   1:00 - CET 1945 Apr  2  3:00
   2:00 - EET 1979 Mar 31 23:00
   2:00 Bulg EE%sT 1982 Sep 26  3:00
   2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
   2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
   2:00 EU EE%sT

# Croatia
# See Europe/Belgrade.

# Cyprus
# Please see the 'asia' file for Asia/Nicosia.

# Czech Republic / Czechia
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule Czech 1945 only - Apr  8 2:00s 1:00 S
Rule Czech 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
Rule Czech 1946 only - May  6 2:00s 1:00 S
Rule Czech 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
Rule Czech 1947 only - Apr 20 2:00s 1:00 S
Rule Czech 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
Rule Czech 1949 only - Apr  9 2:00s 1:00 S
# Zone NAME  GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Prague 0:57:44 - LMT 1850
   0:57:44 - PMT 1891 Oct    # Prague Mean Time
   1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 17  2:00s
   1:00 Czech CE%sT 1979
   1:00 EU CE%sT
# Use Europe/Prague also for Slovakia.

# Denmark, Faroe Islands, and Greenland

# From Jesper NÃ¸rgaard Welen (2005-04-26):
# http://www.hum.aau.dk/~poe/tid/tine/DanskTid.htm says that the law
# [introducing standard time] was in effect from 1894-01-01....
# The page http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A18930008330-REGL
# confirms this, and states that the law was put forth 1893-03-29.
#
# The EU [actually, EEC and Euratom] treaty with effect from 1973:
# http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19722110030-REGL
#
# This provoked a new law from 1974 to make possible summer time changes
# in subsequent decrees with the law
# http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19740022330-REGL
#
# It seems however that no decree was set forward until 1980.  I have
# not found any decree, but in another related law, the effecting DST
# changes are stated explicitly to be from 1980-04-06 at 02:00 to
# 1980-09-28 at 02:00.  If this is true, this differs slightly from
# the EU rule in that DST runs to 02:00, not 03:00.  We don't know
# when Denmark began using the EU rule correctly, but we have only
# confirmation of the 1980-time, so I presume it was correct in 1981:
# The law is about the management of the extra hour, concerning
# working hours reported and effect on obligatory-rest rules (which
# was suspended on that night):
# http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/C19801120554-REGL

# From Jesper NÃ¸rgaard Welen (2005-06-11):
# The Herning Folkeblad (1980-09-26) reported that the night between
# Saturday and Sunday the clock is set back from three to two.

# From Paul Eggert (2005-06-11):
# Hence the "02:00" of the 1980 law refers to standard time, not
# wall-clock time, and so the EU rules were in effect in 1980.

# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule Denmark 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
Rule Denmark 1916 only - Sep 30 23:00 0 -
Rule Denmark 1940 only - May 15  0:00 1:00 S
Rule Denmark 1945 only - Apr  2  2:00s 1:00 S
Rule Denmark 1945 only - Aug 15  2:00s 0 -
Rule Denmark 1946 only - May  1  2:00s 1:00 S
Rule Denmark 1946 only - Sep  1  2:00s 0 -
Rule Denmark 1947 only - May  4  2:00s 1:00 S
Rule Denmark 1947 only - Aug 10  2:00s 0 -
Rule Denmark 1948 only - May  9  2:00s 1:00 S
Rule Denmark 1948 only - Aug  8  2:00s 0 -
#
# Zone NAME  GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Copenhagen  0:50:20 - LMT 1890
    0:50:20 - CMT 1894 Jan  1 # Copenhagen MT
    1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1942 Nov  2  2:00s
    1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr  2  2:00
    1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1980
    1:00 EU CE%sT
Zone Atlantic/Faroe -0:27:04 - LMT 1908 Jan 11 # TÃ³rshavn
    0:00 - WET 1981
    0:00 EU WE%sT
#
# From Paul Eggert (2004-10-31):
# During World War II, Germany maintained secret manned weather stations in
# East Greenland and Franz Josef Land, but we don't know their time zones.
# My source for this is Wilhelm Dege's book mentioned under Svalbard.
#
# From Paul Eggert (2017-12-10):
# Greenland joined the European Communities as part of Denmark,
# obtained home rule on 1979-05-01, and left the European Communities
# on 1985-02-01.  It therefore should have been using EU
# rules at least through 1984.  Shanks & Pottenger say Scoresbysund and GodthÃ¥b
# used C-Eur rules after 1980, but IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says they use EU
# rules since at least 1991.  Assume EU rules since 1980.

# From Gwillim Law (2001-06-06), citing
#  (2001-03-15),
# and with translations corrected by Steffen Thorsen:
#
# Greenland has four local times, and the relation to UTC
# is according to the following time line:
#
# The military zone near Thule UTC-4
# Standard Greenland time UTC-3
# Scoresbysund   UTC-1
# Danmarkshavn   UTC
#
# In the military area near Thule and in Danmarkshavn DST will not be
# introduced.

# From Rives McDow (2001-11-01):
#
# I correspond regularly with the Dansk Polarcenter, and wrote them at
# the time to clarify the situation in Thule.  Unfortunately, I have
# not heard back from them regarding my recent letter.  [But I have
# info from earlier correspondence.]
#
# According to the center, a very small local time zone around Thule
# Air Base keeps the time according to UTC-4, implementing daylight
# savings using North America rules, changing the time at 02:00 local time....
#
# The east coast of Greenland north of the community of Scoresbysund
# uses UTC in the same way as in Iceland, year round, with no dst.
# There are just a few stations on this coast, including the
# Danmarkshavn ICAO weather station mentioned in your September 29th
# email.  The other stations are two sledge patrol stations in
# Mestersvig and Daneborg, the air force base at Station Nord, and the
# DPC research station at Zackenberg.
#
# Scoresbysund and two small villages nearby keep time UTC-1 and use
# the same daylight savings time period as in West Greenland (GodthÃ¥b).
#
# The rest of Greenland, including GodthÃ¥b (this area, although it
# includes central Greenland, is known as west Greenland), keeps time
# UTC-3, with daylight savings methods according to European rules.
#
# It is common procedure to use UTC 0 in the wilderness of East and
# North Greenland, because it is mainly Icelandic aircraft operators
# maintaining traffic in these areas.  However, the official status of
# this area is that it sticks with GodthÃ¥b time.  This area might be
# considered a dual time zone in some respects because of this.

# From Rives McDow (2001-11-19):
# I heard back from someone stationed at Thule; the time change took place
# there at 2:00 AM.

# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
# From 1997 on the CIA map shows Danmarkshavn on GMT;
# the 1995 map as like GodthÃ¥b.
# For lack of better info, assume they were like GodthÃ¥b before 1996.
# startkart.no says Thule does not observe DST, but this is clearly an error,
# so go with Shanks & Pottenger for Thule transitions until this year.
# For 2007 on assume Thule will stay in sync with US DST rules.

# From J William Piggott (2016-02-20):
# "Greenland north of the community of Scoresbysund" is officially named
# "National Park" by Executive Order:
# http://naalakkersuisut.gl/~/media/Nanoq/Files/Attached%20Files/Engelske-tekster/Legislation/Executive%20Order%20National%20Park.rtf
# It is their only National Park.
#
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule Thule 1991 1992 - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
Rule Thule 1991 1992 - Sep lastSun 2:00 0 S
Rule Thule 1993 2006 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
Rule Thule 1993 2006 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S
Rule Thule 2007 max - Mar Sun>=8 2:00 1:00 D
Rule Thule 2007 max - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 0 S
#
# Zone NAME  GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone America/Danmarkshavn -1:14:40 - LMT 1916 Jul 28
   -3:00 - -03 1980 Apr  6  2:00
   -3:00 EU -03/-02 1996
   0:00 - GMT
Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:27:52 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Ittoqqortoormiit
   -2:00 - -02 1980 Apr  6  2:00
   -2:00 C-Eur -02/-01 1981 Mar 29
   -1:00 EU -01/+00
Zone America/Godthab -3:26:56 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Nuuk
   -3:00 - -03 1980 Apr  6  2:00
   -3:00 EU -03/-02
Zone America/Thule -4:35:08 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Pituffik air base
   -4:00 Thule A%sT

# Estonia
#
# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
# The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
#
# From Peter Ilieve (1994-10-15):
# A relative in Tallinn confirms the accuracy of the data for 1989 onwards
# [through 1994] and gives the legal authority for it,
# a regulation of the Government of Estonia, No. 111 of 1989....
#
# From Peter Ilieve (1996-10-28):
# [IATA SSIM (1992/1996) claims that the Baltic republics switch at 01:00s,
# but a relative confirms that Estonia still switches at 02:00s, writing:]
# "I do not [know] exactly but there are some little different
# (confusing) rules for International Air and Railway Transport Schedules
# conversion in Sunday connected with end of summer time in Estonia....
# A discussion is running about the summer time efficiency and effect on
# human physiology.  It seems that Estonia maybe will not change to
# summer time next spring."

# From Peter Ilieve (1998-11-04), heavily edited:
# The 1998-09-22 Estonian time law
# http://trip.rk.ee/cgi-bin/thw?${BASE}=akt&${OOHTML}=rtd&TA=1998&TO=1&AN=1390
# refers to the Eighth Directive and cites the association agreement between
# the EU and Estonia, ratified by the Estonian law (RT II 1995, 22-27, 120).
#
# I also asked [my relative] whether they use any standard abbreviation
# for their standard and summer times. He says no, they use "suveaeg"
# (summer time) and "talveaeg" (winter time).

# From The Baltic Times  (1999-09-09)
# via Steffen Thorsen:
# This year will mark the last time Estonia shifts to summer time,
# a council of the ruling coalition announced Sept. 6....
# But what this could mean for Estonia's chances of joining the European
# Union are still unclear.  In 1994, the EU declared summer time compulsory
# for all member states until 2001.  Brussels has yet to decide what to do
# after that.

# From Mart Oruaas (2000-01-29):
# Regulation No. 301 (1999-10-12) obsoletes previous regulation
# No. 206 (1998-09-22) and thus sticks Estonia to +02:00 GMT for all
# the year round.  The regulation is effective 1999-11-01.

# From Toomas Soome (2002-02-21):
# The Estonian government has changed once again timezone politics.
# Now we are using again EU rules.
#
# From Urmet JÃ¤nes (2002-03-28):
# The legislative reference is Government decree No. 84 on 2002-02-21.

# Zone NAME  GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Tallinn 1:39:00 - LMT 1880
   1:39:00 - TMT 1918 Feb    # Tallinn Mean Time
   1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1919 Jul
   1:39:00 - TMT 1921 May
   2:00 - EET 1940 Aug  6
   3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 15
   1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 22
   3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26  2:00s
   2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep 24  2:00s
   2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998 Sep 22
   2:00 EU EE%sT 1999 Oct 31  4:00
   2:00 - EET 2002 Feb 21
   2:00 EU EE%sT

# Finland

# From Hannu Strang (1994-09-25 06:03:37 UTC):
# Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one,
# and it's supposed to change at 4am...

# From Janne Snabb (2010-07-15):
#
# I noticed that the Finland data is not accurate for years 1981 and 1982.
# During these two first trial years the DST adjustment was made one hour
# earlier than in forthcoming years. Starting 1983 the adjustment was made
# according to the central European standards.
#
# This is documented in Heikki Oja: Aikakirja 2007, published by The Almanac
# Office of University of Helsinki, ISBN 952-10-3221-9, available online (in
# Finnish) at
# https://almanakka.helsinki.fi/aikakirja/Aikakirja2007kokonaan.pdf
#
# Page 105 (56 in PDF version) has a handy table of all past daylight savings
# transitions. It is easy enough to interpret without Finnish skills.
#
# This is also confirmed by Finnish Broadcasting Company's archive at:
# http://www.yle.fi/elavaarkisto/?s=s&g=1&ag=5&t=&a=3401
#
# The news clip from 1981 says that "the time between 2 and 3 o'clock does not
# exist tonight."

# From Konstantin HyppÃ¶nen (2014-06-13):
# [Heikki Oja's book Aikakirja 2013]
# https://almanakka.helsinki.fi/images/aikakirja/Aikakirja2013kokonaan.pdf
# pages 104-105, including a scan from a newspaper published on Apr 2 1942
# say that ... [o]n Apr 2 1942, 24 o'clock (which means Apr 3 1942,
# 00:00), clocks were moved one hour forward. The newspaper
# mentions "on the night from Thursday to Friday"....
# On Oct 4 1942, clocks were moved at 1:00 one hour backwards.
#
# From Paul Eggert (2014-06-14):
# Go with Oja over Shanks.

# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule Finland 1942 only - Apr 2 24:00 1:00 S
Rule Finland 1942 only - Oct 4 1:00 0 -
Rule Finland 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 S
Rule Finland 1981 1982 - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 -

# Milne says Helsinki (Helsingfors) time was 1:39:49.2 (official document);
# round to nearest.

# Zone NAME  GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Helsinki 1:39:49 - LMT 1878 May 31
   1:39:49 - HMT 1921 May    # Helsinki Mean Time
   2:00 Finland EE%sT 1983
   2:00 EU EE%sT

# Ã…land Is
Link Europe/Helsinki Europe/Mariehamn


# France

# From Ciro Discepolo (2000-12-20):
#
# Henri Le Corre, RÃ©gimes horaires pour le monde entier, Ã‰ditions
# Traditionnelles - Paris 2 books, 1993
#
# Gabriel, TraitÃ© de l'heure dans le monde, Guy TrÃ©daniel,
# Paris, 1991
#
# FranÃ§oise Gauquelin, ProblÃ¨mes de l'heure rÃ©solus en astrologie,
# Guy TrÃ©daniel, Paris 1987


#
# Shank & Pottenger seem to use '24:00' ambiguously; resolve it with Whitman.
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule France 1916 only - Jun 14 23:00s 1:00 S
Rule France 1916 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 23:00s 0 -
Rule France 1917 only - Mar 24 23:00s 1:00 S
Rule France 1918 only - Mar  9 23:00s 1:00 S
Rule France 1919 only - Mar  1 23:00s 1:00 S
Rule France 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
Rule France 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
Rule France 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
Rule France 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
Rule France 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
# DSH writes that a law of 1923-05-24 specified 3rd Sat in Apr at 23:00 to 1st
# Sat in Oct at 24:00; and that in 1930, because of Easter, the transitions
# were Apr 12 and Oct 5.  Go with Shanks & Pottenger.
Rule France 1922 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
Rule France 1923 only - May 26 23:00s 1:00 S
Rule France 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
Rule France 1925 only - Apr  4 23:00s 1:00 S
Rule France 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
Rule France 1927 only - Apr  9 23:00s 1:00 S
Rule France 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
Rule France 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
Rule France 1930 only - Apr 12 23:00s 1:00 S
Rule France 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
Rule France 1932 only - Apr  2 23:00s 1:00 S
Rule France 1933 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
Rule France 1934 only - Apr  7 23:00s 1:00 S
Rule France 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
Rule France 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
Rule France 1937 only - Apr  3 23:00s 1:00 S
Rule France 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
Rule France 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
Rule France 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
Rule France 1940 only - Feb 25  2:00 1:00 S
# The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris, but Shanks & Pottenger
# write that they were used in Monaco and in many French locations.
# Le Corre writes that the upper limit of the free zone was ArnÃ©guy, Orthez,
# Mont-de-Marsan, Bazas, Langon, Lamothe-Montravel, MarÅ“uil, La
# Rochefoucauld, Champagne-Mouton, La Roche-Posay, La Haye-Descartes,
# Loches, Montrichard, Vierzon, Bourges, Moulins, Digoin,
# Paray-le-Monial, Montceau-les-Mines, Chalon-sur-SaÃ´ne, Arbois,
# Dole, Morez, St-Claude, and Collonges (Haute-Savoie).
Rule France 1941 only - May  5  0:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
# Shanks & Pottenger say this transition occurred at Oct 6 1:00,
# but go with Denis Excoffier (1997-12-12),
# who quotes the EphÃ©mÃ©rides astronomiques for 1998 from Bureau des Longitudes
# as saying 5/10/41 22hUT.
Rule France 1941 only - Oct  6  0:00 1:00 S
Rule France 1942 only - Mar  9  0:00 2:00 M
Rule France 1942 only - Nov  2  3:00 1:00 S
Rule France 1943 only - Mar 29  2:00 2:00 M
Rule France 1943 only - Oct  4  3:00 1:00 S
Rule France 1944 only - Apr  3  2:00 2:00 M
Rule France 1944 only - Oct  8  1:00 1:00 S
Rule France 1945 only - Apr  2  2:00 2:00 M
Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16  3:00 0 -
# Shanks & Pottenger give Mar 28 2:00 and Sep 26 3:00;
# go with Excoffier's 28/3/76 0hUT and 25/9/76 23hUT.
Rule France 1976 only - Mar 28  1:00 1:00 S
Rule France 1976 only - Sep 26  1:00 0 -
# Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time, and Whitman 0:09:05,
# but Howse quotes the actual French legislation as saying 0:09:21.
# Go with Howse.  Howse writes that the time in France was officially based
# on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC.
# Zone NAME  GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15  0:01
   0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11  0:01 # Paris MT
# Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Jun 14 0:00; go with Excoffier and Le Corre.
   0:00 France WE%sT 1940 Jun 14 23:00
# Le Corre says Paris stuck with occupied-France time after the liberation;
# go with Shanks & Pottenger.
   1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 25
   0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16  3:00
   1:00 France CE%sT 1977
   1:00 EU CE%sT

# Germany

# From Markus Kuhn (1998-09-29):
# The German time zone web site by the Physikalisch-Technische
# Bundesanstalt contains DST information back to 1916.
# [See tz-link.html for the URL.]

# From JÃ¶rg Schilling (2002-10-23):
# In 1945, Berlin was switched to Moscow Summer time (GMT+4) by
# https://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/BersarinNikolai/
# General [Nikolai] Bersarin.

# From Paul Eggert (2003-03-08):
# http://www.parlament-berlin.de/pds-fraktion.nsf/727459127c8b66ee8525662300459099/defc77cb784f180ac1256c2b0030274b/$FILE/bersarint.pdf
# says that Bersarin issued an order to use Moscow time on May 20.
# However, Moscow did not observe daylight saving in 1945, so
# this was equivalent to UT +03, not +04.


# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule Germany 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
Rule Germany 1946 only - Oct  7 2:00s 0 -
Rule Germany 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
# http://www.ptb.de/de/org/4/44/441/salt.htm says the following transition
# occurred at 3:00 MEZ, not the 2:00 MEZ given in Shanks & Pottenger.
# Go with the PTB.
Rule Germany 1947 only - Apr  6 3:00s 1:00 S
Rule Germany 1947 only - May 11 2:00s 2:00 M
Rule Germany 1947 only - Jun 29 3:00 1:00 S
Rule Germany 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
Rule Germany 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S

Rule SovietZone 1945 only - May 24 2:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
Rule SovietZone 1945 only - Sep 24 3:00 1:00 S
Rule SovietZone 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -

# Zone NAME  GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Berlin 0:53:28 - LMT 1893 Apr
   1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 24  2:00
   1:00 SovietZone CE%sT 1946
   1:00 Germany CE%sT 1980
   1:00 EU CE%sT

# From Tobias Conradi (2011-09-12):
# BÃ¼singen , surrounded by the Swiss canton
# Schaffhausen, did not start observing DST in 1980 as the rest of DE
# (West Germany at that time) and DD (East Germany at that time) did.
# DD merged into DE, the area is currently covered by code DE in ISO 3166-1,
# which in turn is covered by the zone Europe/Berlin.
#
# Source for the time in BÃ¼singen 1980:
# http://www.srf.ch/player/video?id=c012c029-03b7-4c2b-9164-aa5902cd58d3

# From Arthur David Olson (2012-03-03):
# BÃ¼singen and Zurich have shared clocks since 1970.

Link Europe/Zurich Europe/Busingen

# Georgia
# Please see the "asia" file for Asia/Tbilisi.
# Herodotus (Histories, IV.45) says Georgia north of the Phasis (now Rioni)
# is in Europe.  Our reference location Tbilisi is in the Asian part.

# Gibraltar
# Zone NAME  GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Gibraltar -0:21:24 - LMT 1880 Aug  2  0:00s
   0:00 GB-Eire %s 1957 Apr 14  2:00
   1:00 - CET 1982
   1:00 EU CE%sT

# Greece
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
# Whitman gives 1932 Jul 5 - Nov 1; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
Rule Greece 1932 only - Jul  7 0:00 1:00 S
Rule Greece 1932 only - Sep  1 0:00 0 -
# Whitman gives 1941 Apr 25 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
Rule Greece 1941 only - Apr  7 0:00 1:00 S
# Whitman gives 1942 Feb 2 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
Rule Greece 1942 only - Nov  2 3:00 0 -
Rule Greece 1943 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S
Rule Greece 1943 only - Oct  4 0:00 0 -
# Whitman gives 1944 Oct 3 - Oct 31; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
Rule Greece 1952 only - Jul  1 0:00 1:00 S
Rule Greece 1952 only - Nov  2 0:00 0 -
Rule Greece 1975 only - Apr 12 0:00s 1:00 S
Rule Greece 1975 only - Nov 26 0:00s 0 -
Rule Greece 1976 only - Apr 11 2:00s 1:00 S
Rule Greece 1976 only - Oct 10 2:00s 0 -
Rule Greece 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
Rule Greece 1977 only - Sep 26 2:00s 0 -
Rule Greece 1978 only - Sep 24 4:00 0 -
Rule Greece 1979 only - Apr  1 9:00 1:00 S
Rule Greece 1979 only - Sep 29 2:00 0 -
Rule Greece 1980 only - Apr  1 0:00 1:00 S
Rule Greece 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
# Zone NAME  GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Athens 1:34:52 - LMT 1895 Sep 14
   1:34:52 - AMT 1916 Jul 28  0:01 # Athens MT
   2:00 Greece EE%sT 1941 Apr 30
   1:00 Greece CE%sT 1944 Apr  4
   2:00 Greece EE%sT 1981
   # Shanks & Pottenger say it switched to C-Eur in 1981;
   # go with EU rules instead, since Greece joined Jan 1.
   2:00 EU EE%sT

# Hungary
# From Paul Eggert (2014-07-15):
# Dates for 1916-1945 are taken from:
# Oross A. Jelen a mÃºlt jÃ¶vÅ‘je: a nyÃ¡ri idÅ‘szÃ¡mÃtÃ¡s MagyarorszÃ¡gon 1916-1945.
# National Archives of Hungary (2012-10-29).
# http://mnl.gov.hu/a_het_dokumentuma/a_nyari_idoszamitas_magyarorszagon_19161945.html
# This source does not always give times, which are taken from Shanks
# & Pottenger (which disagree about the dates).
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule Hungary 1918 only - Apr  1  3:00 1:00 S
Rule Hungary 1918 only - Sep 16  3:00 0 -
Rule Hungary 1919 only - Apr 15  3:00 1:00 S
Rule Hungary 1919 only - Nov 24  3:00 0 -
Rule Hungary 1945 only - May  1 23:00 1:00 S
Rule Hungary 1945 only - Nov  1  0:00 0 -
Rule Hungary 1946 only - Mar 31  2:00s 1:00 S
Rule Hungary 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1  2:00s 0 -
Rule Hungary 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=4  2:00s 1:00 S
Rule Hungary 1950 only - Apr 17  2:00s 1:00 S
Rule Hungary 1950 only - Oct 23  2:00s 0 -
Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - May 23  0:00 1:00 S
Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - Oct  3  0:00 0 -
Rule Hungary 1956 only - Jun Sun>=1  0:00 1:00 S
Rule Hungary 1956 only - Sep lastSun  0:00 0 -
Rule Hungary 1957 only - Jun Sun>=1  1:00 1:00 S
Rule Hungary 1957 only - Sep lastSun  3:00 0 -
Rule Hungary 1980 only - Apr  6  1:00 1:00 S
# Zone NAME  GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Budapest 1:16:20 - LMT 1890 Oct
   1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918
   1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1941 Apr  8
   1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
   1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1980 Sep 28  2:00s
   1:00 EU CE%sT

# Iceland
#
# From Adam David (1993-11-06):
# The name of the timezone in Iceland for system / mail / news purposes is GMT.
#
# (1993-12-05):
# This material is paraphrased from the 1988 edition of the University of
# Iceland Almanak.
#
# From January 1st, 1908 the whole of Iceland was standardised at 1 hour
# behind GMT. Previously, local mean solar time was used in different parts
# of Iceland, the almanak had been based on Reykjavik mean solar time which
# was 1 hour and 28 minutes behind GMT.
#
# "first day of winter" referred to [below] means the first day of the 26 weeks
# of winter, according to the old icelandic calendar that dates back to the
# time the norsemen first settled Iceland.  The first day of winter is always
# Saturday, but is not dependent on the Julian or Gregorian calendars.
#
# (1993-12-10):
# I have a reference from the Oxford Icelandic-English dictionary for the
# beginning of winter, which ties it to the ecclesiastical calendar (and thus
# to the julian/gregorian calendar) over the period in question.
# the winter begins on the Saturday next before St. Luke's day
# (old style), or on St. Luke's day, if a Saturday.
# St. Luke's day ought to be traceable from ecclesiastical sources. "old style"
# might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it
# might mean something else (???).
#
# From Paul Eggert (2014-11-22):
# The information below is taken from the 1988 Almanak; see
# http://www.almanak.hi.is/klukkan.html
#
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule Iceland 1917 1919 - Feb 19 23:00 1:00 S
Rule Iceland 1917 only - Oct 21  1:00 0 -
Rule Iceland 1918 1919 - Nov 16  1:00 0 -
Rule Iceland 1921 only - Mar 19 23:00 1:00 S
Rule Iceland 1921 only - Jun 23  1:00 0 -
Rule Iceland 1939 only - Apr 29 23:00 1:00 S
Rule Iceland 1939 only - Oct 29  2:00 0 -
Rule Iceland 1940 only - Feb 25  2:00 1:00 S
Rule Iceland 1940 1941 - Nov Sun>=2  1:00s 0 -
Rule Iceland 1941 1942 - Mar Sun>=2  1:00s 1:00 S
# 1943-1946 - first Sunday in March until first Sunday in winter
Rule Iceland 1943 1946 - Mar Sun>=1  1:00s 1:00 S
Rule Iceland 1942 1948 - Oct Sun>=22  1:00s 0 -
# 1947-1967 - first Sunday in April until first Sunday in winter
Rule Iceland 1947 1967 - Apr Sun>=1  1:00s 1:00 S
# 1949 and 1967 Oct transitions delayed by 1 week
Rule Iceland 1949 only - Oct 30  1:00s 0 -
Rule Iceland 1950 1966 - Oct Sun>=22  1:00s 0 -
Rule Iceland 1967 only - Oct 29  1:00s 0 -
# Zone NAME  GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik -1:28 - LMT 1908
   -1:00 Iceland -01/+00 1968 Apr  7  1:00s
    0:00 - GMT

# Italy
#
# From Paul Eggert (2001-03-06):
# Sicily and Sardinia each had their own time zones from 1866 to 1893,
# called Palermo Time (+00:53:28) and Cagliari Time (+00:36:32).
# During World War II, German-controlled Italy used German time.
# But these events all occurred before the 1970 cutoff,
# so record only the time in Rome.
#
# From Michael Deckers (2016-10-24):
# http://www.ac-ilsestante.it/MERIDIANE/ora_legale quotes a law of 1893-08-10
# ... [translated as] "The preceding dispositions will enter into
# force at the instant at which, according to the time specified in
# the 1st article, the 1st of November 1893 will begin...."
#
# From Pierpaolo Bernardi (2016-10-20):
# The authoritative source for time in Italy is the national metrological
# institute, which has a summary page of historical DST data at
# http://www.inrim.it/res/tf/ora_legale_i.shtml
# (2016-10-24):
# http://www.renzobaldini.it/le-ore-legali-in-italia/
# has still different data for 1944.  It divides Italy in two, as
# there were effectively two governments at the time, north of Gothic
# Line German controlled territory, official government RSI, and south
# of the Gothic Line, controlled by allied armies.
#
# From Brian Inglis (2016-10-23):
# Viceregal LEGISLATIVE DECREE. 14 September 1944, no. 219.
# Restoration of Standard Time. (044U0219) (OJ 62 of 30.9.1944) ...
# Given the R. law decreed on 1944-03-29, no. 92, by which standard time is
# advanced to sixty minutes later starting at hour two on 1944-04-02; ...
# Starting at hour three on the date 1944-09-17 standard time will be resumed.
#
# From Paul Eggert (2016-10-27):
# Go with INRiM for DST rules, except as corrected by Inglis for 1944
# for the Kingdom of Italy.  This is consistent with Renzo Baldini.
# Model Rome's occupation by using C-Eur rules from 1943-09-10
# to 1944-06-04; although Rome was an open city during this period, it
# was effectively controlled by Germany.
#
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule Italy 1916 only - Jun  3 24:00 1:00 S
Rule Italy 1916 1917 - Sep 30 24:00 0 -
Rule Italy 1917 only - Mar 31 24:00 1:00 S
Rule Italy 1918 only - Mar  9 24:00 1:00 S
Rule Italy 1918 only - Oct  6 24:00 0 -
Rule Italy 1919 only - Mar  1 24:00 1:00 S
Rule Italy 1919 only - Oct  4 24:00 0 -
Rule Italy 1920 only - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 S
Rule Italy 1920 only - Sep 18 24:00 0 -
Rule Italy 1940 only - Jun 14 24:00 1:00 S
Rule Italy 1942 only - Nov  2  2:00s 0 -
Rule Italy 1943 only - Mar 29  2:00s 1:00 S
Rule Italy 1943 only - Oct  4  2:00s 0 -
Rule Italy 1944 only - Apr  2  2:00s 1:00 S
Rule Italy 1944 only - Sep 17  2:00s 0 -
Rule Italy 1945 only - Apr  2  2:00 1:00 S
Rule Italy 1945 only - Sep 15  1:00 0 -
Rule Italy 1946 only - Mar 17  2:00s 1:00 S
Rule Italy 1946 only - Oct  6  2:00s 0 -
Rule Italy 1947 only - Mar 16  0:00s 1:00 S
Rule Italy 1947 only - Oct  5  0:00s 0 -
Rule Italy 1948 only - Feb 29  2:00s 1:00 S
Rule Italy 1948 only - Oct  3  2:00s 0 -
Rule Italy 1966 1968 - May Sun>=22  0:00s 1:00 S
Rule Italy 1966 only - Sep 24 24:00 0 -
Rule Italy 1967 1969 - Sep Sun>=22  0:00s 0 -
Rule Italy 1969 only - Jun  1  0:00s 1:00 S
Rule Italy 1970 only - May 31  0:00s 1:00 S
Rule Italy 1970 only - Sep lastSun  0:00s 0 -
Rule Italy 1971 1972 - May Sun>=22  0:00s 1:00 S
Rule Italy 1971 only - Sep lastSun  0:00s 0 -
Rule Italy 1972 only - Oct  1  0:00s 0 -
Rule Italy 1973 only - Jun  3  0:00s 1:00 S
Rule Italy 1973 1974 - Sep lastSun  0:00s 0 -
Rule Italy 1974 only - May 26  0:00s 1:00 S
Rule Italy 1975 only - Jun  1  0:00s 1:00 S
Rule Italy 1975 1977 - Sep lastSun  0:00s 0 -
Rule Italy 1976 only - May 30  0:00s 1:00 S
Rule Italy 1977 1979 - May Sun>=22  0:00s 1:00 S
Rule Italy 1978 only - Oct  1  0:00s 0 -
Rule Italy 1979 only - Sep 30  0:00s 0 -
# Zone NAME  GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Rome 0:49:56 - LMT 1866 Sep 22
   0:49:56 - RMT 1893 Oct 31 23:49:56 # Rome Mean
   1:00 Italy CE%sT 1943 Sep 10
   1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jun  4
   1:00 Italy CE%sT 1980
   1:00 EU CE%sT

Link Europe/Rome Europe/Vatican
Link Europe/Rome Europe/San_Marino

# Latvia

# From Liene Kanepe (1998-09-17):

# I asked about this matter Scientific Secretary of the Institute of Astronomy
# of The University of Latvia Dr. paed Mr. Ilgonis Vilks. I also searched the
# correct data in juridical acts and I found some juridical documents about
# changes in the counting of time in Latvia from 1981....
#
# Act No. 35 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1981-01-22 ...
# according to the Act No. 925 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1980-10-24
# ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
# the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on 1 April at 00:00 (GMT 31 March 21:00)
# and 1 hour backward on the 1 October at 00:00 (GMT 30 September 20:00).
#
# Act No. 592 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1984-09-24 ...
# according to the Act No. 967 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1984-09-13
# ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
# the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
# (GMT 23:00 on the previous day) and 1 hour backward on the last Sunday of
# September at 03:00 (GMT 23:00 on the previous day).
#
# Act No. 81 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1989-03-22 ...
# according to the Act No. 227 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1989-03-14
# ...: since the last Sunday of March 1989 in Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR,
# Estonian SSR and Kaliningrad region of Russian Federation all year round the
# time of 2nd time zone (Moscow time minus one hour). On the territory of Latvia
# transition to summer time is performed on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
# (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour forward.  The end of
# daylight saving time is performed on the last Sunday of September at 03:00
# (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour backward. Exception is
# 1989-03-26, when we must not turn the hands of the clock....
#
# The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Latvia of
# 1997-01-21 on transition to Summer time ... established the same order of
# daylight savings time settings as in the States of the European Union.

# From Andrei Ivanov (2000-03-06):
# This year Latvia will not switch to Daylight Savings Time (as specified in
# The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Rep. of Latvia of
# 29-Feb-2000 (No. 79) ,
# in Latvian for subscribers only).

# From RFE/RL Newsline
# http://www.rferl.org/newsline/2001/01/3-CEE/cee-030101.html
# (2001-01-03), noted after a heads-up by Rives McDow:
# The Latvian government on 2 January decided that the country will
# institute daylight-saving time this spring, LETA reported.
# Last February the three Baltic states decided not to turn back their
# clocks one hour in the spring....
# Minister of Economy Aigars KalvÄ«tis noted that Latvia had too few
# daylight hours and thus decided to comply with a draft European
# Commission directive that provides for instituting daylight-saving
# time in EU countries between 2002 and 2006. The Latvian government
# urged Lithuania and Estonia to adopt a similar time policy, but it
# appears that they will not do so....

# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Mar lastSun  2:00s 1:00 S
Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Sep lastSun  2:00s 0 -

# Milne 1899 says Riga was 1:36:28 (Polytechnique House time).
# Byalokoz 1919 says Latvia was 1:36:34.
# Go with Byalokoz.

# Zone NAME  GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Riga 1:36:34 - LMT 1880
   1:36:34 - RMT 1918 Apr 15  2:00 # Riga MT
   1:36:34 1:00 LST 1918 Sep 16  3:00 # Latvian ST
   1:36:34 - RMT 1919 Apr  1  2:00
   1:36:34 1:00 LST 1919 May 22  3:00
   1:36:34 - RMT 1926 May 11
   2:00 - EET 1940 Aug  5
   3:00 - MSK 1941 Jul
   1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct 13
   3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar lastSun  2:00s
   2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep lastSun  2:00s
   2:00 Latvia EE%sT 1997 Jan 21
   2:00 EU EE%sT 2000 Feb 29
   2:00 - EET 2001 Jan  2
   2:00 EU EE%sT

# Liechtenstein

# From Paul Eggert (2013-09-09):
# Shanks & Pottenger say Vaduz is like Zurich.

# From Alois Treindl (2013-09-18):
# http://www.eliechtensteinensia.li/LIJ/1978/1938-1978/1941.pdf
# ... confirms on p. 6 that Liechtenstein followed Switzerland in 1941 and 1942.
# I ... translate only the last two paragraphs:
#    ... during second world war, in the years 1941 and 1942, Liechtenstein
#    introduced daylight saving time, adapting to Switzerland.  From 1943 on
#    central European time was in force throughout the year.
#    From a report of the duke's government to the high council,
#    regarding the introduction of a time law, of 31 May 1977.

Link Europe/Zurich Europe/Vaduz


# Lithuania

# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
# The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).

# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
# IATA SSIM (1992/1996) says Lithuania uses W-Eur rules, but since it is
# known to be wrong about Estonia and Latvia, assume it's wrong here too.

# From Marius Gedminas (1998-08-07):
# I would like to inform that in this year Lithuanian time zone
# (Europe/Vilnius) was changed.

# From ELTA No. 972 (2582) (1999-09-29) ,
# via Steffen Thorsen:
# Lithuania has shifted back to the second time zone (GMT plus two hours)
# to be valid here starting from October 31,
# as decided by the national government on Wednesday....
# The Lithuanian government also announced plans to consider a
# motion to give up shifting to summer time in spring, as it was
# already done by Estonia.

# From the Fact File, Lithuanian State Department of Tourism
#  (2000-03-27):
# Local time is GMT+2 hours ..., no daylight saving.

# From a user via Klaus Marten (2003-02-07):
# As a candidate for membership of the European Union, Lithuania will
# observe Summer Time in 2003, changing its clocks at the times laid
# down in EU Directive 2000/84 of 19.I.01 (i.e. at the same times as its
# neighbour Latvia). The text of the Lithuanian government Order of
# 7.XI.02 to this effect can be found at
# http://www.lrvk.lt/nut/11/n1749.htm


# Zone NAME  GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Vilnius 1:41:16 - LMT 1880
   1:24:00 - WMT 1917        # Warsaw Mean Time
   1:35:36 - KMT 1919 Oct 10 # Kaunas Mean Time
   1:00 - CET 1920 Jul 12
   2:00 - EET 1920 Oct  9
   1:00 - CET 1940 Aug  3
   3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 24
   1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug
   3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26  2:00s
   2:00 Russia EE%sT 1991 Sep 29  2:00s
   2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998
   2:00 - EET 1998 Mar 29  1:00u
   1:00 EU CE%sT 1999 Oct 31  1:00u
   2:00 - EET 2003 Jan  1
   2:00 EU EE%sT

# Luxembourg
# Whitman disagrees with most of these dates in minor ways;
# go with Shanks & Pottenger.
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule Lux 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
Rule Lux 1916 only - Oct  1  1:00 0 -
Rule Lux 1917 only - Apr 28 23:00 1:00 S
Rule Lux 1917 only - Sep 17  1:00 0 -
Rule Lux 1918 only - Apr Mon>=15  2:00s 1:00 S
Rule Lux 1918 only - Sep Mon>=15  2:00s 0 -
Rule Lux 1919 only - Mar  1 23:00 1:00 S
Rule Lux 1919 only - Oct  5  3:00 0 -
Rule Lux 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S
Rule Lux 1920 only - Oct 24  2:00 0 -
Rule Lux 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00 1:00 S
Rule Lux 1921 only - Oct 26  2:00 0 -
Rule Lux 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00 1:00 S
Rule Lux 1922 only - Oct Sun>=2  1:00 0 -
Rule Lux 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00 1:00 S
Rule Lux 1923 only - Oct Sun>=2  2:00 0 -
Rule Lux 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00 1:00 S
Rule Lux 1924 1928 - Oct Sun>=2  1:00 0 -
Rule Lux 1925 only - Apr  5 23:00 1:00 S
Rule Lux 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00 1:00 S
Rule Lux 1927 only - Apr  9 23:00 1:00 S
Rule Lux 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00 1:00 S
Rule Lux 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00 1:00 S
# Zone NAME  GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Luxembourg 0:24:36 - LMT 1904 Jun
   1:00 Lux CE%sT 1918 Nov 25
   0:00 Lux WE%sT 1929 Oct  6  2:00s
   0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 14  3:00
   1:00 C-Eur WE%sT 1944 Sep 18  3:00
   1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
   1:00 EU CE%sT

# Macedonia
# See Europe/Belgrade.

# Malta
#
# From Paul Eggert (2016-10-21):
# Assume 1900-1972 was like Rome, overriding Shanks.
#
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule Malta 1973 only - Mar 31 0:00s 1:00 S
Rule Malta 1973 only - Sep 29 0:00s 0 -
Rule Malta 1974 only - Apr 21 0:00s 1:00 S
Rule Malta 1974 only - Sep 16 0:00s 0 -
Rule Malta 1975 1979 - Apr Sun>=15 2:00 1:00 S
Rule Malta 1975 1980 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00 0 -
Rule Malta 1980 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
# Zone NAME  GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Malta 0:58:04 - LMT 1893 Nov  2  0:00s # Valletta
   1:00 Italy CE%sT 1973 Mar 31
   1:00 Malta CE%sT 1981
   1:00 EU CE%sT

# Moldova

# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
# the act of the government of the Republic of Moldova Nr. 132 from 1990-05-04
# http://lex.justice.md/viewdoc.php?action=view&view=doc&id=298782&lang=2
# ... says that since 1990-05-06 on the territory of the Moldavian SSR
# time would be calculated as the standard time of the second time belt
# plus one hour of the "summer" time. To implement that clocks would be
# adjusted one hour backwards at 1990-05-06 2:00. After that "summer"
# time would be cancelled last Sunday of September at 3:00 and
# reintroduced last Sunday of March at 2:00.

# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
# A previous version of this database followed Shanks & Pottenger, who write
# that Tiraspol switched to Moscow time on 1992-01-19 at 02:00.
# However, this is most likely an error, as Moldova declared independence
# on 1991-08-27 (the 1992-01-19 date is that of a Russian decree).
# In early 1992 there was large-scale interethnic violence in the area
# and it's possible that some Russophones continued to observe Moscow time.
# But [two people] separately reported via
# Jesper NÃ¸rgaard that as of 2001-01-24 Tiraspol was like Chisinau.
# The Tiraspol entry has therefore been removed for now.
#
# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-10-17):
# Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (PMR, also known as
# "Pridnestrovie") has abolished seasonal clock change (no transition
# to the Winter Time).
#
# News (in Russian):
# http://www.kyivpost.ua/russia/news/pridnestrove-otkazalos-ot-perehoda-na-zimnee-vremya-30954.html
# http://www.allmoldova.com/moldova-news/1249064116.html
#
# The substance of this change (reinstatement of the Tiraspol entry)
# is from a patch from Petr Machata (2011-10-17)
#
# From Tim Parenti (2011-10-19)
# In addition, being situated at +4651+2938 would give Tiraspol
# a pre-1880 LMT offset of 1:58:32.
#
# (which agrees with the earlier entry that had been removed)
#
# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-10-26)
# NO need to divide Moldova into two timezones at this point.
# As of today, Transnistria (Pridnestrovie)- Tiraspol reversed its own
# decision to abolish DST this winter.
# Following Moldova and neighboring Ukraine- Transnistria (Pridnestrovie)-
# Tiraspol will go back to winter time on October 30, 2011.
# News from Moldova (in russian):
# https://ru.publika.md/link_317061.html

# From Roman Tudos (2015-07-02):
# http://lex.justice.md/index.php?action=view&view=doc&lang=1&id=355077
# From Paul Eggert (2015-07-01):
# The abovementioned official link to IGO1445-868/2014 states that
# 2014-10-26's fallback transition occurred at 03:00 local time.  Also,
# https://www.trm.md/en/social/la-30-martie-vom-trece-la-ora-de-vara
# says the 2014-03-30 spring-forward transition was at 02:00 local time.
# Guess that since 1997 Moldova has switched one hour before the EU.

# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule Moldova 1997 max - Mar lastSun  2:00 1:00 S
Rule Moldova 1997 max - Oct lastSun  3:00 0 -

# Zone NAME  GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Chisinau 1:55:20 - LMT 1880
   1:55 - CMT 1918 Feb 15 # Chisinau MT
   1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
   2:00 Romania EE%sT 1940 Aug 15
   2:00 1:00 EEST 1941 Jul 17
   1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 24
   3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 May  6  2:00
   2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992
   2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
# See Romania commentary for the guessed 1997 transition to EU rules.
   2:00 Moldova EE%sT

# Monaco
# Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's
# more precise 0:09:21.
# Zone NAME  GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15
   0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
   0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16  3:00
   1:00 France CE%sT 1977
   1:00 EU CE%sT

# Montenegro
# See Europe/Belgrade.

# Netherlands

# Howse writes that the Netherlands' railways used GMT between 1892 and 1940,
# but for other purposes the Netherlands used Amsterdam mean time.

# However, Robert H. van Gent writes (2001-04-01):
# Howse's statement is only correct up to 1909. From 1909-05-01 (00:00:00
# Amsterdam mean time) onwards, the whole of the Netherlands (including
# the Dutch railways) was required by law to observe Amsterdam mean time
# (19 minutes 32.13 seconds ahead of GMT). This had already been the
# common practice (except for the railways) for many decades but it was
# not until 1909 when the Dutch government finally defined this by law.
# On 1937-07-01 this was changed to 20 minutes (exactly) ahead of GMT and
# was generally known as Dutch Time ("Nederlandse Tijd").
#
# (2001-04-08):
# 1892-05-01 was the date when the Dutch railways were by law required to
# observe GMT while the remainder of the Netherlands adhered to the common
# practice of following Amsterdam mean time.
#
# (2001-04-09):
# In 1835 the authorities of the province of North Holland requested the
# municipal authorities of the towns and cities in the province to observe
# Amsterdam mean time but I do not know in how many cases this request was
# actually followed.
#
# From 1852 onwards the Dutch telegraph offices were by law required to
# observe Amsterdam mean time. As the time signals from the observatory of
# Leiden were also distributed by the telegraph system, I assume that most
# places linked up with the telegraph (and railway) system automatically
# adopted Amsterdam mean time.
#
# Although the early Dutch railway companies initially observed a variety
# of times, most of them had adopted Amsterdam mean time by 1858 but it
# was not until 1866 when they were all required by law to observe
# Amsterdam mean time.

# The data entries before 1945 are taken from
# https://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/wettijd/wettijd.htm

# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule Neth 1916 only - May  1 0:00 1:00 NST # Netherlands Summer Time
Rule Neth 1916 only - Oct  1 0:00 0 AMT # Amsterdam Mean Time
Rule Neth 1917 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 NST
Rule Neth 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 AMT
Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Sep lastMon 2:00s 0 AMT
Rule Neth 1922 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
Rule Neth 1922 1936 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 AMT
Rule Neth 1923 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
Rule Neth 1924 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
Rule Neth 1925 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
# From 1926 through 1939 DST began 05-15, except that it was delayed by a week
# in years when 05-15 fell in the Pentecost weekend.
Rule Neth 1926 1931 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
Rule Neth 1932 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
Rule Neth 1933 1936 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
Rule Neth 1937 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
Rule Neth 1937 only - Jul  1 0:00 1:00 S
Rule Neth 1937 1939 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
Rule Neth 1938 1939 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 S
Rule Neth 1945 only - Apr  2 2:00s 1:00 S
Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
#
# Amsterdam Mean Time was +00:19:32.13 exactly, but the .13 is omitted
# below because the current format requires GMTOFF to be an integer.
# Zone NAME  GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Amsterdam 0:19:32 - LMT 1835
   0:19:32 Neth %s 1937 Jul  1
   0:20 Neth +0020/+0120 1940 May 16  0:00
   1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr  2  2:00
   1:00 Neth CE%sT 1977
   1:00 EU CE%sT

# Norway
# http://met.no/met/met_lex/q_u/sommertid.html (2004-01) agrees with Shanks &
# Pottenger.
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule Norway 1916 only - May 22 1:00 1:00 S
Rule Norway 1916 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
Rule Norway 1945 only - Apr  2 2:00s 1:00 S
Rule Norway 1945 only - Oct  1 2:00s 0 -
Rule Norway 1959 1964 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
Rule Norway 1959 1965 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
Rule Norway 1965 only - Apr 25 2:00s 1:00 S
# Zone NAME  GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Oslo 0:43:00 - LMT 1895 Jan  1
   1:00 Norway CE%sT 1940 Aug 10 23:00
   1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr  2  2:00
   1:00 Norway CE%sT 1980
   1:00 EU CE%sT

# Svalbard & Jan Mayen

# From Steffen Thorsen (2001-05-01):
# Although I could not find it explicitly, it seems that Jan Mayen and
# Svalbard have been using the same time as Norway at least since the
# time they were declared as parts of Norway.  Svalbard was declared
# as a part of Norway by law of 1925-07-17 no 11, section 4 and Jan
# Mayen by law of 1930-02-27 no 2, section 2. (From
#  and
# ).  The law/regulation
# for normal/standard time in Norway is from 1894-06-29 no 1 (came
# into operation on 1895-01-01) and Svalbard/Jan Mayen seem to be a
# part of this law since 1925/1930. (From
# ) I have not been
# able to find if Jan Mayen used a different time zone (e.g. -0100)
# before 1930. Jan Mayen has only been "inhabited" since 1921 by
# Norwegian meteorologists and maybe used the same time as Norway ever
# since 1921.  Svalbard (Arctic/Longyearbyen) has been inhabited since
# before 1895, and therefore probably changed the local time somewhere
# between 1895 and 1925 (inclusive).

# From Paul Eggert (2013-09-04):
#
# Actually, Jan Mayen was never occupied by Germany during World War II,
# so it must have diverged from Oslo time during the war, as Oslo was
# keeping Berlin time.
#
#  says that the meteorologists
# burned down their station in 1940 and left the island, but returned in
# 1941 with a small Norwegian garrison and continued operations despite
# frequent air attacks from Germans.  In 1943 the Americans established a
# radiolocating station on the island, called "Atlantic City".  Possibly
# the UT offset changed during the war, but I think it unlikely that
# Jan Mayen used German daylight-saving rules.
#
# Svalbard is more complicated, as it was raided in August 1941 by an
# Allied party that evacuated the civilian population to England (says
# ).  The Svalbard FAQ
#  says that the Germans were
# expelled on 1942-05-14.  However, small parties of Germans did return,
# and according to Wilhelm Dege's book "War North of 80" (1954)
# http://www.ucalgary.ca/UofC/departments/UP/1-55238/1-55238-110-2.html
# the German armed forces at the Svalbard weather station code-named
# Haudegen did not surrender to the Allies until September 1945.
#
# All these events predate our cutoff date of 1970, so use Europe/Oslo
# for these regions.
Link Europe/Oslo Arctic/Longyearbyen

# Poland

# The 1919 dates and times can be found in Tygodnik UrzÄ™dowy nr 1 (1919-03-20),
#  pp 1-2.

# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule Poland 1918 1919 - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
Rule Poland 1919 only - Apr 15 2:00s 1:00 S
Rule Poland 1944 only - Apr  3 2:00s 1:00 S
# Whitman gives 1944 Nov 30; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
Rule Poland 1944 only - Oct  4 2:00 0 -
# For 1944-1948 Whitman gives the previous day; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
Rule Poland 1945 only - Apr 29 0:00 1:00 S
Rule Poland 1945 only - Nov  1 0:00 0 -
# For 1946 on the source is Kazimierz Borkowski,
# ToruÅ„ Center for Astronomy, Dept. of Radio Astronomy, Nicolaus Copernicus U.,
# https://www.astro.uni.torun.pl/~kb/Artykuly/U-PA/Czas2.htm#tth_tAb1
# Thanks to PrzemysÅ‚aw Augustyniak (2005-05-28) for this reference.
# He also gives these further references:
# Mon Pol nr 13, poz 162 (1995) 
# Druk nr 2180 (2003) 
Rule Poland 1946 only - Apr 14 0:00s 1:00 S
Rule Poland 1946 only - Oct  7 2:00s 0 -
Rule Poland 1947 only - May  4 2:00s 1:00 S
Rule Poland 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
Rule Poland 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
Rule Poland 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S
Rule Poland 1957 only - Jun  2 1:00s 1:00 S
Rule Poland 1957 1958 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
Rule Poland 1958 only - Mar 30 1:00s 1:00 S
Rule Poland 1959 only - May 31 1:00s 1:00 S
Rule Poland 1959 1961 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00s 0 -
Rule Poland 1960 only - Apr  3 1:00s 1:00 S
Rule Poland 1961 1964 - May lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
Rule Poland 1962 1964 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
# Zone NAME  GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Warsaw 1:24:00 - LMT 1880
   1:24:00 - WMT 1915 Aug  5 # Warsaw Mean Time
   1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Sep 16  3:00
   2:00 Poland EE%sT 1922 Jun
   1:00 Poland CE%sT 1940 Jun 23  2:00
   1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
   1:00 Poland CE%sT 1977
   1:00 W-Eur CE%sT 1988
   1:00 EU CE%sT

# Portugal
#
# From Paul Eggert (2014-08-11), after a heads-up from Stephen Colebourne:
# According to a Portuguese decree (1911-05-26)
# https://dre.pt/application/dir/pdf1sdip/1911/05/12500/23132313.pdf
# Lisbon was at -0:36:44.68, but switched to GMT on 1912-01-01 at 00:00.
# Round the old offset to -0:36:45.  This agrees with Willett but disagrees
# with Shanks, who says the transition occurred on 1911-05-24 at 00:00 for
# Europe/Lisbon, Atlantic/Azores, and Atlantic/Madeira.
#
# From Rui Pedro Salgueiro (1992-11-12):
# Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone
# (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC.
#
# Martin Bruckmann (1996-02-29) reports via Peter Ilieve
# that Portugal is reverting to 0:00 by not moving its clocks this spring.
# The new Prime Minister was fed up with getting up in the dark in the winter.
#
# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-12):
# IATA SSIM (1991-09) reports several 1991-09 and 1992-09 transitions
# at 02:00u, not 01:00u.  Assume that these are typos.
# IATA SSIM (1991/1992) reports that the Azores were at -1:00.
# IATA SSIM (1993-02) says +0:00; later issues (through 1996-09) say -1:00.
# Guess that the Azores changed to EU rules in 1992 (since that's when Portugal
# harmonized with EU rules), and that they stayed +0:00 that winter.
#
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
# DSH writes that despite Decree 1,469 (1915), the change to the clocks was not
# done every year, depending on what Spain did, because of railroad schedules.
# Go with Shanks & Pottenger.
Rule Port 1916 only - Jun 17 23:00 1:00 S
# Whitman gives 1916 Oct 31; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
Rule Port 1916 only - Nov  1  1:00 0 -
Rule Port 1917 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
Rule Port 1917 1921 - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
Rule Port 1918 only - Mar  1 23:00s 1:00 S
Rule Port 1919 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
Rule Port 1920 only - Feb 29 23:00s 1:00 S
Rule Port 1921 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
Rule Port 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S
Rule Port 1924 only - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
Rule Port 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
Rule Port 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
Rule Port 1927 only - Apr  9 23:00s 1:00 S
Rule Port 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
Rule Port 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
Rule Port 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
# Whitman gives 1931 Oct 8; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
Rule Port 1931 1932 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
Rule Port 1932 only - Apr  2 23:00s 1:00 S
Rule Port 1934 only - Apr  7 23:00s 1:00 S
# Whitman gives 1934 Oct 5; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
Rule Port 1934 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
# Shanks & Pottenger give 1935 Apr 30; go with Whitman.
Rule Port 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
Rule Port 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
# Whitman gives 1937 Apr 2; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
Rule Port 1937 only - Apr  3 23:00s 1:00 S
Rule Port 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
Rule Port 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
# Whitman gives 1939 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
Rule Port 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
Rule Port 1940 only - Feb 24 23:00s 1:00 S
# Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Oct 7; go with Whitman.
Rule Port 1940 1941 - Oct  5 23:00s 0 -
Rule Port 1941 only - Apr  5 23:00s 1:00 S
Rule Port 1942 1945 - Mar Sat>=8 23:00s 1:00 S
Rule Port 1942 only - Apr 25 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer
Rule Port 1942 only - Aug 15 22:00s 1:00 S
Rule Port 1942 1945 - Oct Sat>=24 23:00s 0 -
Rule Port 1943 only - Apr 17 22:00s 2:00 M
Rule Port 1943 1945 - Aug Sat>=25 22:00s 1:00 S
Rule Port 1944 1945 - Apr Sat>=21 22:00s 2:00 M
Rule Port 1946 only - Apr Sat>=1 23:00s 1:00 S
Rule Port 1946 only - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
Rule Port 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=1  2:00s 1:00 S
Rule Port 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1  2:00s 0 -
# Shanks & Pottenger say DST was observed in 1950; go with Whitman.
# Whitman gives Oct lastSun for 1952 on; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
Rule Port 1951 1965 - Apr Sun>=1  2:00s 1:00 S
Rule Port 1951 1965 - Oct Sun>=1  2:00s 0 -
Rule Port 1977 only - Mar 27  0:00s 1:00 S
Rule Port 1977 only - Sep 25  0:00s 0 -
Rule Port 1978 1979 - Apr Sun>=1  0:00s 1:00 S
Rule Port 1978 only - Oct  1  0:00s 0 -
Rule Port 1979 1982 - Sep lastSun  1:00s 0 -
Rule Port 1980 only - Mar lastSun  0:00s 1:00 S
Rule Port 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun  1:00s 1:00 S
Rule Port 1983 only - Mar lastSun  2:00s 1:00 S
#
# Zone NAME  GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Lisbon -0:36:45 - LMT 1884
   -0:36:45 - LMT 1912 Jan  1 # Lisbon Mean Time
    0:00 Port WE%sT 1966 Apr  3  2:00
    1:00 - CET 1976 Sep 26  1:00
    0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25  1:00s
    0:00 W-Eur WE%sT 1992 Sep 27  1:00s
    1:00 EU CE%sT 1996 Mar 31  1:00u
    0:00 EU WE%sT
# This Zone can be simplified once we assume zic %z.
Zone Atlantic/Azores -1:42:40 - LMT 1884        # Ponta Delgada
   -1:54:32 - HMT 1912 Jan  1 # Horta Mean Time
   -2:00 Port -02/-01 1942 Apr 25 22:00s
   -2:00 Port +00 1942 Aug 15 22:00s
   -2:00 Port -02/-01 1943 Apr 17 22:00s
   -2:00 Port +00 1943 Aug 28 22:00s
   -2:00 Port -02/-01 1944 Apr 22 22:00s
   -2:00 Port +00 1944 Aug 26 22:00s
   -2:00 Port -02/-01 1945 Apr 21 22:00s
   -2:00 Port +00 1945 Aug 25 22:00s
   -2:00 Port -02/-01 1966 Apr  3  2:00
   -1:00 Port -01/+00 1983 Sep 25  1:00s
   -1:00 W-Eur -01/+00 1992 Sep 27  1:00s
    0:00 EU WE%sT 1993 Mar 28  1:00u
   -1:00 EU -01/+00
# This Zone can be simplified once we assume zic %z.
Zone Atlantic/Madeira -1:07:36 - LMT 1884        # Funchal
   -1:07:36 - FMT 1912 Jan  1 # Funchal Mean Time
   -1:00 Port -01/+00 1942 Apr 25 22:00s
   -1:00 Port +01 1942 Aug 15 22:00s
   -1:00 Port -01/+00 1943 Apr 17 22:00s
   -1:00 Port +01 1943 Aug 28 22:00s
   -1:00 Port -01/+00 1944 Apr 22 22:00s
   -1:00 Port +01 1944 Aug 26 22:00s
   -1:00 Port -01/+00 1945 Apr 21 22:00s
   -1:00 Port +01 1945 Aug 25 22:00s
   -1:00 Port -01/+00 1966 Apr  3  2:00
    0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25  1:00s
    0:00 EU WE%sT

# Romania
#
# From Paul Eggert (1999-10-07):
# Nine O'clock 
# (1998-10-23) reports that the switch occurred at
# 04:00 local time in fall 1998.  For lack of better info,
# assume that Romania and Moldova switched to EU rules in 1997,
# the same year as Bulgaria.
#
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule Romania 1932 only - May 21  0:00s 1:00 S
Rule Romania 1932 1939 - Oct Sun>=1  0:00s 0 -
Rule Romania 1933 1939 - Apr Sun>=2  0:00s 1:00 S
Rule Romania 1979 only - May 27  0:00 1:00 S
Rule Romania 1979 only - Sep lastSun  0:00 0 -
Rule Romania 1980 only - Apr  5 23:00 1:00 S
Rule Romania 1980 only - Sep lastSun  1:00 0 -
Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Mar lastSun  0:00s 1:00 S
Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Sep lastSun  0:00s 0 -
# Zone NAME  GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Bucharest 1:44:24 - LMT 1891 Oct
   1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
   2:00 Romania EE%sT 1981 Mar 29  2:00s
   2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
   2:00 Romania EE%sT 1994
   2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
   2:00 EU EE%sT


# Russia

# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-09-15):
# Based on last Russian Government Decree No. 725 on August 31, 2011
# (Government document
# http://www.government.ru/gov/results/16355/print/
# in Russian)
# there are few corrections have to be made for some Russian time zones...
# All updated Russian Time Zones were placed in table and translated to English
# by WorldTimeZone.com at the link below:
# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia36.htm

# From Sanjeev Gupta (2011-09-27):
# Scans of [Decree No. 23 of January 8, 1992] are available at:
# http://government.consultant.ru/page.aspx?1223966
# They are in Cyrillic letters (presumably Russian).

# From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
# Regarding the instant when clocks in time-zone-shifting parts of Russia
# changed in September 2011:
#
# One source is
# http://government.ru/gov/results/16355/
# which, according to translate.google.com, begins "Decree of August 31,
# 2011 No. 725" and contains no other dates or "effective date" information.
#
# Another source is
# https://rg.ru/2011/09/06/chas-zona-dok.html
# which, according to translate.google.com, begins "Resolution of the
# Government of the Russian Federation on August 31, 2011 N 725" and also
# contains "Date first official publication: September 6, 2011 Posted on:
# in the 'RG' - Federal Issue No. 5573 September 6, 2011" but which
# does not contain any "effective date" information.
#
# Another source is
# https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oymyakonsky_District#cite_note-RuTime-7
# which, in note 8, contains "Resolution No. 725 of August 31, 2011...
# Effective as of after 7 days following the day of the official publication"
# but which does not contain any reference to September 6, 2011.
#
# The Wikipedia article refers to
# http://base.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc;base=LAW;n=118896
# which seems to copy the text of the government.ru page.
#
# Tobias Conradi combines Wikipedia's
# "as of after 7 days following the day of the official publication"
# with www.rg.ru's "Date of first official publication: September 6, 2011" to
# get September 13, 2011 as the cutover date (unusually, a Tuesday, as Tobias
# Conradi notes).
#
# None of the sources indicates a time of day for changing clocks.
#
# Go with 2011-09-13 0:00s.

# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-01):
# According to the Russian news (ITAR-TASS News Agency)
# http://en.itar-tass.com/russia/738562
# the State Duma has approved ... the draft bill on returning to
# winter time standard and return Russia 11 time zones.  The new
# regulations will come into effect on October 26, 2014 at 02:00 ...
# http://asozd2.duma.gov.ru/main.nsf/%28Spravka%29?OpenAgent&RN=431985-6&02
# Here is a link where we put together table (based on approved Bill N
# 431985-6) with proposed 11 Russian time zones and corresponding
# areas/cities/administrative centers in the Russian Federation (in English):
# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia65.html
#
# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-22):
# Putin signed the Federal Law 431985-6 ... (in Russian)
# http://itar-tass.com/obschestvo/1333711
# http://www.pravo.gov.ru:8080/page.aspx?111660
# http://www.kremlin.ru/acts/46279
# From October 26, 2014 the new Russian time zone map will look like this:
# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia-map-2014-07.html

# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
# Moscow time zone abbreviations after 1919-07-01, and Moscow rules after 1991,
# are from Andrey A. Chernov.  The rest is from Shanks & Pottenger,
# except we follow Chernov's report that 1992 DST transitions were Sat
# 23:00, not Sun 02:00s.
#
# From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski (1994-06-29):
# But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow!
# I do not know why they have decided to make this change;
# as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching
# so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch.
#
# From Andrey A. Chernov (1996-10-04):
# 'MSK' and 'MSD' were born and used initially on Moscow computers with
# UNIX-like OSes by several developer groups (e.g. Demos group, Kiae group)....
# The next step was the UUCP network, the Relcom predecessor
# (used mainly for mail), and MSK/MSD was actively used there.
#
# From Chris Carrier (1996-10-30):
# According to a friend of mine who rode the Trans-Siberian Railroad from
# Moscow to Irkutsk in 1995, public air and rail transport in Russia ...
# still follows Moscow time, no matter where in Russia it is located.
#
# For Grozny, Chechnya, we have the following story from
# John Daniszewski, "Scavengers in the Rubble", Los Angeles Times (2001-02-07):
# News - often false - is spread by word of mouth.  A rumor that it was
# time to move the clocks back put this whole city out of sync with
# the rest of Russia for two weeks - even soldiers stationed here began
# enforcing curfew at the wrong time.
#
# From Gwillim Law (2001-06-05):
# There's considerable evidence that Sakhalin Island used to be in
# UTC+11, and has changed to UTC+10, in this decade.  I start with the
# SSIM, which listed Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk in zone RU10 along with Magadan
# until February 1997, and then in RU9 with Khabarovsk and Vladivostok
# since September 1997....  Although the Kuril Islands are
# administratively part of Sakhalin oblast', they appear to have
# remained on UTC+11 along with Magadan.

# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
# The comments detailing the coverage of each Russian zone are meant to assist
# with maintenance only and represent our best guesses as to which regions
# are covered by each zone.  They are not meant to be taken as an authoritative
# listing.  The region codes listed come from
# https://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Federal_subjects_of_Russia&oldid=611810498
# and are used for convenience only; no guarantees are made regarding their
# future stability.  ISO 3166-2:RU codes are also listed for first-level
# divisions where available.

# Zone NAME  GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]


# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
# Europe/Kaliningrad covers...
# 39 RU-KGD Kaliningrad Oblast

# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
# The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).

# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
# http://www.rgo.ru/ru/kaliningradskoe-oblastnoe-otdelenie/ob-otdelenii/publikacii/kak-nam-zhilos-bez-letnego-vremeni
# confirms that the 1989 change to Moscow-1 was implemented.
# (The article, though, is misattributed to 1990 while saying that
# summer->winter transition would be done on the 24 of September. But
# 1990-09-24 was Monday, while 1989-09-24 was Sunday as expected.)
# ...
# http://www.kaliningradka.ru/site_pc/cherez/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=40091
# says that Kaliningrad switched to Moscow-1 on 1989-03-26, avoided
# at the last moment switch to Moscow-1 on 1991-03-31, switched to
# Moscow on 1991-11-03, switched to Moscow-1 on 1992-01-19.

Zone Europe/Kaliningrad  1:22:00 - LMT 1893 Apr
    1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
    2:00 Poland CE%sT 1946
    3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26  2:00s
    2:00 Russia EE%sT 2011 Mar 27  2:00s
    3:00 - +03 2014 Oct 26  2:00s
    2:00 - EET


# From Paul Eggert (2016-02-21), per Tim Parenti (2014-07-03) and
# Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
# Europe/Moscow covers...
# 01 RU-AD Adygea, Republic of
# 05 RU-DA Dagestan, Republic of
# 06 RU-IN Ingushetia, Republic of
# 07 RU-KB Kabardino-Balkar Republic
# 08 RU-KL Kalmykia, Republic of
# 09 RU-KC Karachay-Cherkess Republic
# 10 RU-KR Karelia, Republic of
# 11 RU-KO Komi Republic
# 12 RU-ME Mari El Republic
# 13 RU-MO Mordovia, Republic of
# 15 RU-SE North Ossetia-Alania, Republic of
# 16 RU-TA Tatarstan, Republic of
# 20 RU-CE Chechen Republic
# 21 RU-CU Chuvash Republic
# 23 RU-KDA Krasnodar Krai
# 26 RU-STA Stavropol Krai
# 29 RU-ARK Arkhangelsk Oblast
# 31 RU-BEL Belgorod Oblast
# 32 RU-BRY Bryansk Oblast
# 33 RU-VLA Vladimir Oblast
# 35 RU-VLG Vologda Oblast
# 36 RU-VOR Voronezh Oblast
# 37 RU-IVA Ivanovo Oblast
# 40 RU-KLU Kaluga Oblast
# 44 RU-KOS Kostroma Oblast
# 46 RU-KRS Kursk Oblast
# 47 RU-LEN Leningrad Oblast
# 48 RU-LIP Lipetsk Oblast
# 50 RU-MOS Moscow Oblast
# 51 RU-MUR Murmansk Oblast
# 52 RU-NIZ Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
# 53 RU-NGR Novgorod Oblast
# 57 RU-ORL Oryol Oblast
# 58 RU-PNZ Penza Oblast
# 60 RU-PSK Pskov Oblast
# 61 RU-ROS Rostov Oblast
# 62 RU-RYA Ryazan Oblast
# 67 RU-SMO Smolensk Oblast
# 68 RU-TAM Tambov Oblast
# 69 RU-TVE Tver Oblast
# 71 RU-TUL Tula Oblast
# 76 RU-YAR Yaroslavl Oblast
# 77 RU-MOW Moscow
# 78 RU-SPE Saint Petersburg
# 83 RU-NEN Nenets Autonomous Okrug

# From Paul Eggert (2016-08-23):
# The Soviets switched to UT-based time in 1919.  Decree No. 59
# (1919-02-08) http://istmat.info/node/35567 established UT-based time
# zones, and Decree No. 147 (1919-03-29) http://istmat.info/node/35854
# specified a transition date of 1919-07-01, apparently at 00:00 UT.
# No doubt only the Soviet-controlled regions switched on that date;
# later transitions to UT-based time in other parts of Russia are
# taken from what appear to be guesses by Shanks.
# (Thanks to Alexander Belopolsky for pointers to the decrees.)

# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
# 11. Regions-violators, 1981-1982.
# Wikipedia refers to
# http://maps.monetonos.ru/maps/raznoe/Old_Maps/Old_Maps/Articles/022/3_1981.html
# http://besp.narod.ru/nauka_1981_3.htm
#
# The second link provides two articles scanned from the Nauka i Zhizn
# magazine No. 3, 1981 and a scan of the short article attributed to
# the Trud newspaper from February 1982.  The first link provides the
# same Nauka i Zhizn articles converted to the text form (but misses
# time belt changes map).
#
# The second Nauka i Zhizn article says that in addition to
# introduction of summer time on 1981-04-01 there are some time belt
# border changes on 1981-10-01, mostly affecting Nenets Autonomous
# Okrug, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Yakutia, Magadan Oblast and Chukotka
# according to the provided map (colored one).  In addition to that
# "time violators" (regions which were not using rules of the time
# belts in which they were located) would not be moving off the DST on
# 1981-10-01 to restore the decree time usage.  (Komi ASSR was
# supposed to repeat that move in October 1982 to account for the 2
# hour difference.)  Map depicting "time violators" before 1981-10-01
# is also provided.
#
# The article from Trud says that 1981-10-01 changes caused problems
# and some territories would be moved to pre-1981-10-01 time by not
# moving to summer time on 1982-04-01.  Namely: Dagestan,
# Kabardino-Balkar, Kalmyk, Komi, Mari, Mordovian, North Ossetian,
# Tatar, Chechen-Ingush and Chuvash ASSR, Krasnodar and Stavropol
# krais, Arkhangelsk, Vladimir, Vologda, Voronezh, Gorky, Ivanovo,
# Kostroma, Lipetsk, Penza, Rostov, Ryazan, Tambov, Tyumen and
# Yaroslavl oblasts, Nenets and Evenk autonomous okrugs, Khatangsky
# district of Taymyr Autonomous Okrug.  As a result Evenk Autonomous
# Okrug and Khatangsky district of Taymyr Autonomous Okrug would end
# up on Moscow+4, Tyumen Oblast on Moscow+2 and the rest on Moscow
# time.
#
# http://astrozet.net/files/Zones/DOC/RU/1980-925.txt
# attributes the 1982 changes to the Act of the Council of Ministers
# of the USSR No. 126 from 18.02.1982.  1980-925.txt also adds
# Udmurtia to the list of affected territories and lists Khatangsky
# district separately from Taymyr Autonomous Okrug.  Probably erroneously.
#
# The affected territories are currently listed under Europe/Moscow,
# Asia/Yekaterinburg and Asia/Krasnoyarsk.
#
# 12. Udmurtia
# The fact that Udmurtia is depicted as a violator in the Nauka i
# Zhizn article hints at Izhevsk being on different time from
# Kuybyshev before 1981-10-01. Udmurtia is not mentioned in the 1989 act.
# http://astrozet.net/files/Zones/DOC/RU/1980-925.txt
# implies Udmurtia was on Moscow time after 1982-04-01.
# Wikipedia implies Udmurtia being on Moscow+1 until 1991.
#
# ...
#
# All Russian zones are supposed to have by default a -1 change at
# 1991-03-31 2:00 (cancellation of the decree time in the USSR) and a +1
# change at 1992-01-19 2:00 (restoration of the decree time in Russia).
#
# There were some exceptions, though.
# Wikipedia says newspapers listed Astrakhan, Saratov, Kirov, Volgograd,
# Izhevsk, Grozny, Kazan and Samara as such exceptions for the 1992
# change. (Different newspapers providing different lists. And some
# lists found in the internet are quite wild.)
#
# And apparently some exceptions were reverted in the last moment.
# http://www.kaliningradka.ru/site_pc/cherez/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=40091
# says that Kaliningrad decided not to be an exception 2 days before the
# 1991-03-31 switch and one person at
# https://izhevsk.ru/forum_light_message/50/682597-m8369040.html
# says he remembers that Samara opted out of the 1992-01-19 exception
# 2 days before the switch.
#
#
# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
# Given the above, we appear to be missing some Zone entries for the
# chaotic early 1980s in Russia.  It's not clear what these entries
# should be.  For now, sweep this under the rug and just document the
# time in Moscow.

# From Vladimir Karpinsky (2014-07-08):
# LMT in Moscow (before Jul 3, 1916) is 2:30:17, that was defined by Moscow
# Observatory (coordinates: 55 deg. 45'29.70", 37 deg. 34'05.30")....
# LMT in Moscow since Jul 3, 1916 is 2:31:01 as a result of new standard.
# (The info is from the book by Byalokoz ... p. 18.)
# The time in St. Petersburg as capital of Russia was defined by
# Pulkov observatory, near St. Petersburg.  In 1916 LMT Moscow
# was synchronized with LMT St. Petersburg (+30 minutes), (Pulkov observatory
# coordinates: 59 deg. 46'18.70", 30 deg. 19'40.70") so 30 deg. 19'40.70" >
# 2h01m18.7s = 2:01:19.  LMT Moscow = LMT St.Petersburg + 30m 2:01:19 + 0:30 =
# 2:31:19 ...
#
# From Paul Eggert (2014-07-08):
# Milne does not list Moscow, but suggests that its time might be listed in
# RÃ©sumÃ©s mensuels et annuels des observations mÃ©tÃ©orologiques (1895).
# Presumably this is OCLC 85825704, a journal published with parallel text in
# Russian and French.  This source has not been located; go with Karpinsky.

Zone Europe/Moscow  2:30:17 - LMT 1880
    2:30:17 - MMT 1916 Jul  3 # Moscow Mean Time
    2:31:19 Russia %s 1919 Jul  1  0:00u
    3:00 Russia %s 1921 Oct
    3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1922 Oct
    2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
    3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31  2:00s
    2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992 Jan 19  2:00s
    3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 2011 Mar 27  2:00s
    4:00 - MSK 2014 Oct 26  2:00s
    3:00 - MSK


# From Paul Eggert (2016-12-06):
# Europe/Simferopol covers Crimea.

Zone Europe/Simferopol  2:16:24 - LMT 1880
    2:16 - SMT 1924 May  2 # Simferopol Mean T
    2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
    3:00 - MSK 1941 Nov
    1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Apr 13
    3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
    3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul  1  2:00
    2:00 - EET 1992
# Central Crimea used Moscow time 1994/1997.
#
# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
# The _Economist_ (1994-05-28, p 45) reports that central Crimea switched
# from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January 1994 elections.
# Shanks (1999) says "date of change uncertain", but implies that it happened
# sometime between the 1994 DST switches.  Shanks & Pottenger simply say
# 1994-09-25 03:00, but that can't be right.  For now, guess it
# changed in May.
    2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1994 May
# From IATA SSIM (1994/1997), which also says that Kerch is still like Kiev.
    3:00 E-Eur MSK/MSD 1996 Mar 31  0:00s
    3:00 1:00 MSD 1996 Oct 27  3:00s
# IATA SSIM (1997-09) says Crimea switched to EET/EEST.
# Assume it happened in March by not changing the clocks.
    3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1997
    3:00 - MSK 1997 Mar lastSun  1:00u
# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-03-17):
# time change at 2:00 (2am) on March 30, 2014
# https://vz.ru/news/2014/3/17/677464.html
# From Paul Eggert (2014-03-30):
# Simferopol and Sevastopol reportedly changed their central town clocks
# late the previous day, but this appears to have been ceremonial
# and the discrepancies are small enough to not worry about.
    2:00 EU EE%sT 2014 Mar 30  2:00
    4:00 - MSK 2014 Oct 26  2:00s
    3:00 - MSK


# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
# Europe/Astrakhan covers:
# 30 RU-AST Astrakhan Oblast
#
# The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).

# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-01-12):
# On February 10, 2016 Astrakhan Oblast got approval by the Federation
# Council to change its time zone to UTC+4 (from current UTC+3 Moscow time)....
# This Federal Law shall enter into force on 27 March 2016 at 02:00.
# From Matt Johnson (2016-03-09):
# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201602150056

Zone Europe/Astrakhan  3:12:12 - LMT 1924 May
    3:00 - +03 1930 Jun 21
    4:00 Russia +04/+05 1989 Mar 26  2:00s
    3:00 Russia +03/+04 1991 Mar 31  2:00s
    4:00 - +04 1992 Mar 29  2:00s
    3:00 Russia +03/+04 2011 Mar 27  2:00s
    4:00 - +04 2014 Oct 26  2:00s
    3:00 - +03 2016 Mar 27  2:00s
    4:00 - +04

# From Paul Eggert (2016-11-11):
# Europe/Volgograd covers:
# 34 RU-VGG Volgograd Oblast
# The 1988 transition is from USSR act No. 5 (1988-01-04).

Zone Europe/Volgograd  2:57:40 - LMT 1920 Jan  3
    3:00 - +03 1930 Jun 21
    4:00 - +04 1961 Nov 11
    4:00 Russia +04/+05 1988 Mar 27  2:00s
    3:00 Russia +03/+04 1991 Mar 31  2:00s
    4:00 - +04 1992 Mar 29  2:00s
    3:00 Russia +03/+04 2011 Mar 27  2:00s
    4:00 - +04 2014 Oct 26  2:00s
    3:00 - +03

# From Paul Eggert (2016-11-11):
# Europe/Saratov covers:
# 64 RU-SAR Saratov Oblast

# From Yuri Konotopov (2016-11-11):
# Dec 4, 2016 02:00 UTC+3....  Saratov Region's local time will be ... UTC+4.
# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-11-11):
# ... Byalokoz listed Saratov on 03:04:18.
# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-11-22):
# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201611220031

Zone Europe/Saratov  3:04:18 - LMT 1919 Jul  1  0:00u
    3:00 - +03 1930 Jun 21
    4:00 Russia +04/+05 1988 Mar 27  2:00s
    3:00 Russia +03/+04 1991 Mar 31  2:00s
    4:00 - +04 1992 Mar 29  2:00s
    3:00 Russia +03/+04 2011 Mar 27  2:00s
    4:00 - +04 2014 Oct 26  2:00s
    3:00 - +03 2016 Dec  4  2:00s
    4:00 - +04

# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
# Europe/Kirov covers:
# 43 RU-KIR Kirov Oblast
# The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
#
Zone Europe/Kirov  3:18:48 - LMT 1919 Jul  1  0:00u
    3:00 - +03 1930 Jun 21
    4:00 Russia +04/+05 1989 Mar 26  2:00s
    3:00 Russia +03/+04 1991 Mar 31  2:00s
    4:00 - +04 1992 Mar 29  2:00s
    3:00 Russia +03/+04 2011 Mar 27  2:00s
    4:00 - +04 2014 Oct 26  2:00s
    3:00 - +03

# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
# Europe/Samara covers...
# 18 RU-UD Udmurt Republic
# 63 RU-SAM Samara Oblast

# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
# Byalokoz 1919 says Samara was 3:20:20.
# The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).

Zone Europe/Samara  3:20:20 - LMT 1919 Jul  1  0:00u
    3:00 - +03 1930 Jun 21
    4:00 - +04 1935 Jan 27
    4:00 Russia +04/+05 1989 Mar 26  2:00s
    3:00 Russia +03/+04 1991 Mar 31  2:00s
    2:00 Russia +02/+03 1991 Sep 29  2:00s
    3:00 - +03 1991 Oct 20  3:00
    4:00 Russia +04/+05 2010 Mar 28  2:00s
    3:00 Russia +03/+04 2011 Mar 27  2:00s
    4:00 - +04

# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
# Europe/Ulyanovsk covers:
# 73 RU-ULY Ulyanovsk Oblast

# The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).

# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-02-17):
# Ulyanovsk ... on their way to change time zones by March 27, 2016 at 2am.
# Ulyanovsk Oblast ... from MSK to MSK+1 (UTC+3 to UTC+4) ...
# 920582-6 ... 02/17/2016 The State Duma passed the bill in the first reading.
# From Matt Johnson (2016-03-09):
# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201603090051

Zone Europe/Ulyanovsk  3:13:36 - LMT 1919 Jul  1  0:00u
    3:00 - +03 1930 Jun 21
    4:00 Russia +04/+05 1989 Mar 26  2:00s
    3:00 Russia +03/+04 1991 Mar 31  2:00s
    2:00 Russia +02/+03 1992 Jan 19  2:00s
    3:00 Russia +03/+04 2011 Mar 27  2:00s
    4:00 - +04 2014 Oct 26  2:00s
    3:00 - +03 2016 Mar 27  2:00s
    4:00 - +04

# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
# Asia/Yekaterinburg covers...
# 02 RU-BA Bashkortostan, Republic of
# 90 RU-PER Perm Krai
# 45 RU-KGN Kurgan Oblast
# 56 RU-ORE Orenburg Oblast
# 66 RU-SVE Sverdlovsk Oblast
# 72 RU-TYU Tyumen Oblast
# 74 RU-CHE Chelyabinsk Oblast
# 86 RU-KHM Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug - Yugra
# 89 RU-YAN Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug
#
# Note: Effective 2005-12-01, (59) Perm Oblast and (81) Komi-Permyak
# Autonomous Okrug merged to form (90, RU-PER) Perm Krai.

# Milne says Yekaterinburg was 4:02:32.9; round to nearest.
# Byalokoz 1919 says its provincial time was based on Perm, at 3:45:05.
# Assume it switched on 1916-07-03, the time of the new standard.
# The 1919 and 1930 transitions are from Shanks.

Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg  4:02:33 - LMT 1916 Jul  3
    3:45:05 - PMT 1919 Jul 15  4:00
    4:00 - +04 1930 Jun 21
    5:00 Russia +05/+06 1991 Mar 31  2:00s
    4:00 Russia +04/+05 1992 Jan 19  2:00s
    5:00 Russia +05/+06 2011 Mar 27  2:00s
    6:00 - +06 2014 Oct 26  2:00s
    5:00 - +05


# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
# Asia/Omsk covers...
# 55 RU-OMS Omsk Oblast

# Byalokoz 1919 says Omsk was 4:53:30.

Zone Asia/Omsk   4:53:30 - LMT 1919 Nov 14
    5:00 - +05 1930 Jun 21
    6:00 Russia +06/+07 1991 Mar 31  2:00s
    5:00 Russia +05/+06 1992 Jan 19  2:00s
    6:00 Russia +06/+07 2011 Mar 27  2:00s
    7:00 - +07 2014 Oct 26  2:00s
    6:00 - +06

# From Paul Eggert (2016-02-22):
# Asia/Barnaul covers:
# 04 RU-AL Altai Republic
# 22 RU-ALT Altai Krai

# Data before 1991 are from Shanks & Pottenger.

# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
# Letter of Bank of Russia from 1995-05-25
# http://www.bestpravo.ru/rossijskoje/lj-akty/y3a.htm
# suggests that Altai Republic transitioned to Moscow+3 on
# 1995-05-28.
#
# https://regnum.ru/news/society/1957270.html
# has some historical data for Altai Krai:
# before 1957: west part on UT+6, east on UT+7
# after 1957: UT+7
# since 1995: UT+6
# http://barnaul.rusplt.ru/index/pochemu_altajskij_kraj_okazalsja_v_neprivychnom_chasovom_pojase-17648.html
# confirms that and provides more details including 1995-05-28 transition date.

# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-02-17):
# Altai Krai and Altai Republic on their way to change time zones
# by March 27, 2016 at 2am....
# Altai Republic / Gorno-Altaysk MSK+3 to MSK+4 (UTC+6 to UTC+7) ...
# Altai Krai / Barnaul MSK+3 to MSK+4 (UTC+6 to UTC+7)
# From Matt Johnson (2016-03-09):
# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201603090043
# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201603090038

Zone Asia/Barnaul  5:35:00 - LMT 1919 Dec 10
    6:00 - +06 1930 Jun 21
    7:00 Russia +07/+08 1991 Mar 31  2:00s
    6:00 Russia +06/+07 1992 Jan 19  2:00s
    7:00 Russia +07/+08 1995 May 28
    6:00 Russia +06/+07 2011 Mar 27  2:00s
    7:00 - +07 2014 Oct 26  2:00s
    6:00 - +06 2016 Mar 27  2:00s
    7:00 - +07

# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
# Asia/Novosibirsk covers:
# 54 RU-NVS Novosibirsk Oblast

# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-05-30):
# http://asozd2.duma.gov.ru/main.nsf/(Spravka)?OpenAgent&RN=1085784-6
# moves Novosibirsk oblast from UTC+6 to UTC+7.
# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-07-04):
# The law was signed yesterday and published today on
# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201607040064

Zone Asia/Novosibirsk  5:31:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 14  6:00
    6:00 - +06 1930 Jun 21
    7:00 Russia +07/+08 1991 Mar 31  2:00s
    6:00 Russia +06/+07 1992 Jan 19  2:00s
    7:00 Russia +07/+08 1993 May 23 # say Shanks & P.
    6:00 Russia +06/+07 2011 Mar 27  2:00s
    7:00 - +07 2014 Oct 26  2:00s
    6:00 - +06 2016 Jul 24  2:00s
    7:00 - +07

# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
# Asia/Tomsk covers:
# 70 RU-TOM Tomsk Oblast

# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-24):
# Byalokoz listed Tomsk at 5:39:51.

# From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski (1994-06-29):
# Tomsk is still 4 hours ahead of Moscow.

# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-19):
# http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&nd=102075743
# (fifth time belt being UTC+5+1(decree time)
# / UTC+5+1(decree time)+1(summer time)) ...
# Note that time belts (numbered from 2 (Moscow) to 12 according to their
# GMT/UTC offset and having too many exceptions like regions formally
# belonging to one belt but using time from another) were replaced
# with time zones in 2011 with different numbering (there was a
# 2-hour gap between second and third zones in 2011-2014).

# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-04-12):
# http://asozd2.duma.gov.ru/main.nsf/(SpravkaNew)?OpenAgent&RN=1006865-6
# This bill was approved in the first reading today.  It moves Tomsk oblast
# from UTC+6 to UTC+7 and is supposed to come into effect on 2016-05-29 at
# 2:00.  The bill needs to be approved in the second and the third readings by
# the State Duma, approved by the Federation Council, signed by the President
# and published to become a law.  Minor changes in the text are to be expected
# before the second reading (references need to be updated to account for the
# recent changes).
#
# Judging by the ultra-short one-day amendments period, recent similar laws,
# the State Duma schedule and the Federation Council schedule
# http://www.duma.gov.ru/legislative/planning/day-shedule/por_vesna_2016/
# http://council.gov.ru/activity/meetings/schedule/63303
# I speculate that the final text of the bill will be proposed tomorrow, the
# bill will be approved in the second and the third readings on Friday,
# approved by the Federation Council on 2016-04-20, signed by the President and
# published as a law around 2016-04-26.

# From Matt Johnson (2016-04-26):
# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201604260048

Zone Asia/Tomsk  5:39:51 - LMT 1919 Dec 22
    6:00 - +06 1930 Jun 21
    7:00 Russia +07/+08 1991 Mar 31  2:00s
    6:00 Russia +06/+07 1992 Jan 19  2:00s
    7:00 Russia +07/+08 2002 May  1  3:00
    6:00 Russia +06/+07 2011 Mar 27  2:00s
    7:00 - +07 2014 Oct 26  2:00s
    6:00 - +06 2016 May 29  2:00s
    7:00 - +07


# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
# Asia/Novokuznetsk covers...
# 42 RU-KEM Kemerovo Oblast

# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-10-13):
# Kemerovo oblast' (Kemerovo region) in Russia will change current time zone on
# March 28, 2010:
# from current Russia Zone 6 - Krasnoyarsk Time Zone (KRA) UTC +0700
# to Russia Zone 5 - Novosibirsk Time Zone (NOV) UTC +0600
#
# This is according to Government of Russia decree No. 740, on September
# 14, 2009 "Application in the territory of the Kemerovo region the Fifth
# time zone." ("Russia Zone 5" or old "USSR Zone 5" is GMT +0600)
#
# Russian Government web site (Russian language)
# http://www.government.ru/content/governmentactivity/rfgovernmentdecisions/archive/2009/09/14/991633.htm
# or Russian-English translation by WorldTimeZone.com with reference
# map to local region and new Russia Time Zone map after March 28, 2010
# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia03.html
#
# Thus, when Russia will switch to DST on the night of March 28, 2010
# Kemerovo region (Kemerovo oblast') will not change the clock.

# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-02), per Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-02):
# The Kemerovo region will remain at UTC+7 through the 2014-10-26 change, thus
# realigning itself with KRAT.

Zone Asia/Novokuznetsk  5:48:48 - LMT 1924 May  1
    6:00 - +06 1930 Jun 21
    7:00 Russia +07/+08 1991 Mar 31  2:00s
    6:00 Russia +06/+07 1992 Jan 19  2:00s
    7:00 Russia +07/+08 2010 Mar 28  2:00s
    6:00 Russia +06/+07 2011 Mar 27  2:00s
    7:00 - +07

# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
# Asia/Krasnoyarsk covers...
# 17 RU-TY Tuva Republic
# 19 RU-KK Khakassia, Republic of
# 24 RU-KYA Krasnoyarsk Krai
#
# Note: Effective 2007-01-01, (88) Evenk Autonomous Okrug and (84) Taymyr
# Autonomous Okrug were merged into (24, RU-KYA) Krasnoyarsk Krai.

# Byalokoz 1919 says Krasnoyarsk was 6:11:26.

Zone Asia/Krasnoyarsk  6:11:26 - LMT 1920 Jan  6
    6:00 - +06 1930 Jun 21
    7:00 Russia +07/+08 1991 Mar 31  2:00s
    6:00 Russia +06/+07 1992 Jan 19  2:00s
    7:00 Russia +07/+08 2011 Mar 27  2:00s
    8:00 - +08 2014 Oct 26  2:00s
    7:00 - +07


# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
# Asia/Irkutsk covers...
# 03 RU-BU Buryatia, Republic of
# 38 RU-IRK Irkutsk Oblast
#
# Note: Effective 2008-01-01, (85) Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous Okrug was
# merged into (38, RU-IRK) Irkutsk Oblast.

# Milne 1899 says Irkutsk was 6:57:15.
# Byalokoz 1919 says Irkutsk was 6:57:05.
# Go with Byalokoz.

Zone Asia/Irkutsk  6:57:05 - LMT 1880
    6:57:05 - IMT 1920 Jan 25 # Irkutsk Mean Time
    7:00 - +07 1930 Jun 21
    8:00 Russia +08/+09 1991 Mar 31  2:00s
    7:00 Russia +07/+08 1992 Jan 19  2:00s
    8:00 Russia +08/+09 2011 Mar 27  2:00s
    9:00 - +09 2014 Oct 26  2:00s
    8:00 - +08


# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
# Asia/Chita covers...
# 92 RU-ZAB Zabaykalsky Krai
#
# Note: Effective 2008-03-01, (75) Chita Oblast and (80) Agin-Buryat
# Autonomous Okrug merged to form (92, RU-ZAB) Zabaykalsky Krai.

# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-01-02):
# [The] time zone in the Trans-Baikal Territory (Zabaykalsky Krai) -
# Asia/Chita [is changing] from UTC+8 to UTC+9.  Effective date will
# be March 27, 2016 at 2:00am....
# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201512300107

Zone Asia/Chita  7:33:52 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
    8:00 - +08 1930 Jun 21
    9:00 Russia +09/+10 1991 Mar 31  2:00s
    8:00 Russia +08/+09 1992 Jan 19  2:00s
    9:00 Russia +09/+10 2011 Mar 27  2:00s
   10:00 - +10 2014 Oct 26  2:00s
    8:00 - +08 2016 Mar 27  2:00
    9:00 - +09


# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
# Asia/Yakutsk covers...
# 28 RU-AMU Amur Oblast
#
# ...and parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
# 14-02 **** Aldansky District
# 14-04 **** Amginsky District
# 14-05 **** Anabarsky District
# 14-06 **** Bulunsky District
# 14-07 **** Verkhnevilyuysky District
# 14-10 **** Vilyuysky District
# 14-11 **** Gorny District
# 14-12 **** Zhigansky District
# 14-13 **** Kobyaysky District
# 14-14 **** Lensky District
# 14-15 **** Megino-Kangalassky District
# 14-16 **** Mirninsky District
# 14-18 **** Namsky District
# 14-19 **** Neryungrinsky District
# 14-21 **** Nyurbinsky District
# 14-23 **** Olenyoksky District
# 14-24 **** Olyokminsky District
# 14-26 **** Suntarsky District
# 14-27 **** Tattinsky District
# 14-29 **** Ust-Aldansky District
# 14-32 **** Khangalassky District
# 14-33 **** Churapchinsky District
# 14-34 **** Eveno-Bytantaysky National District

# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
# Our commentary seems to have lost mention of (14-19) Neryungrinsky District.
# Since the surrounding districts of Sakha are all YAKT, assume this is, too.
# Also assume its history has been the same as the rest of Asia/Yakutsk.

# Byalokoz 1919 says Yakutsk was 8:38:58.

Zone Asia/Yakutsk  8:38:58 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
    8:00 - +08 1930 Jun 21
    9:00 Russia +09/+10 1991 Mar 31  2:00s
    8:00 Russia +08/+09 1992 Jan 19  2:00s
    9:00 Russia +09/+10 2011 Mar 27  2:00s
   10:00 - +10 2014 Oct 26  2:00s
    9:00 - +09


# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
# Asia/Vladivostok covers...
# 25 RU-PRI Primorsky Krai
# 27 RU-KHA Khabarovsk Krai
# 79 RU-YEV Jewish Autonomous Oblast
#
# ...and parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
# 14-09 **** Verkhoyansky District
# 14-31 **** Ust-Yansky District

# Milne 1899 says Vladivostok was 8:47:33.5.
# Byalokoz 1919 says Vladivostok was 8:47:31.
# Go with Byalokoz.

Zone Asia/Vladivostok  8:47:31 - LMT 1922 Nov 15
    9:00 - +09 1930 Jun 21
   10:00 Russia +10/+11 1991 Mar 31  2:00s
    9:00 Russia +09/+10 1992 Jan 19  2:00s
   10:00 Russia +10/+11 2011 Mar 27  2:00s
   11:00 - +11 2014 Oct 26  2:00s
   10:00 - +10


# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
# Asia/Khandyga covers parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
# 14-28 **** Tomponsky District
# 14-30 **** Ust-Maysky District

# From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
# Tomponskij and Ust'-Majskij switched from Vladivostok time to Yakutsk time
# in 2011.

# From Paul Eggert (2012-11-25):
# Shanks and Pottenger (2003) has Khandyga on Yakutsk time.
# Make a wild guess that it switched to Vladivostok time in 2004.
# This transition is no doubt wrong, but we have no better info.

Zone Asia/Khandyga  9:02:13 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
    8:00 - +08 1930 Jun 21
    9:00 Russia +09/+10 1991 Mar 31  2:00s
    8:00 Russia +08/+09 1992 Jan 19  2:00s
    9:00 Russia +09/+10 2004
   10:00 Russia +10/+11 2011 Mar 27  2:00s
   11:00 - +11 2011 Sep 13  0:00s # Decree 725?
   10:00 - +10 2014 Oct 26  2:00s
    9:00 - +09


# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
# Asia/Sakhalin covers...
# 65 RU-SAK Sakhalin Oblast
# ...with the exception of:
# 65-11 **** Severo-Kurilsky District (North Kuril Islands)

# From Matt Johnson (2016-02-22):
# Asia/Sakhalin is moving (in entirety) from UTC+10 to UTC+11 ...
# (2016-03-09):
# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201603090044

# The Zone name should be Asia/Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, but that's too long.
Zone Asia/Sakhalin  9:30:48 - LMT 1905 Aug 23
    9:00 - +09 1945 Aug 25
   11:00 Russia +11/+12 1991 Mar 31  2:00s # Sakhalin T
   10:00 Russia +10/+11 1992 Jan 19  2:00s
   11:00 Russia +11/+12 1997 Mar lastSun  2:00s
   10:00 Russia +10/+11 2011 Mar 27  2:00s
   11:00 - +11 2014 Oct 26  2:00s
   10:00 - +10 2016 Mar 27  2:00s
   11:00 - +11


# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
# Asia/Magadan covers...
# 49 RU-MAG Magadan Oblast

# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06), per Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-02):
# Magadan Oblast is moving from UTC+12 to UTC+10 on 2014-10-26; however,
# several districts of Sakha Republic as well as Severo-Kurilsky District of
# the Sakhalin Oblast (also known as the North Kuril Islands), represented
# until now by Asia/Magadan, will instead move to UTC+11.  These regions will
# need their own zone.

# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-03-27):
# ... draft bill 948300-6 to change its time zone from UTC+10 to UTC+11 ...
# will take ... effect ... on April 24, 2016 at 2 o'clock
#
# From Matt Johnson (2016-04-05):
# ... signed by the President today ...
# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201604050038

Zone Asia/Magadan 10:03:12 - LMT 1924 May  2
   10:00 - +10 1930 Jun 21 # Magadan Time
   11:00 Russia +11/+12 1991 Mar 31  2:00s
   10:00 Russia +10/+11 1992 Jan 19  2:00s
   11:00 Russia +11/+12 2011 Mar 27  2:00s
   12:00 - +12 2014 Oct 26  2:00s
   10:00 - +10 2016 Apr 24  2:00s
   11:00 - +11


# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
# Asia/Srednekolymsk covers parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
# 14-01 **** Abyysky District
# 14-03 **** Allaikhovsky District
# 14-08 **** Verkhnekolymsky District
# 14-17 **** Momsky District
# 14-20 **** Nizhnekolymsky District
# 14-25 **** Srednekolymsky District
#
# ...and parts of (65, RU-SAK) Sakhalin Oblast:
# 65-11 **** Severo-Kurilsky District (North Kuril Islands)

# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-02):
# Oymyakonsky District of Sakha Republic (represented by Ust-Nera), along with
# most of Sakhalin Oblast (represented by Sakhalin) will be moving to UTC+10 on
# 2014-10-26 to stay aligned with VLAT/SAKT; however, Severo-Kurilsky District
# of the Sakhalin Oblast (also known as the North Kuril Islands, represented by
# Severo-Kurilsk) will remain on UTC+11.

# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
# Assume North Kuril Islands have history like Magadan before 2011-03-27.
# There is a decent chance this is wrong, in which case a new zone
# Asia/Severo-Kurilsk would become necessary.
#
# Srednekolymsk and Zyryanka are the most populous places amongst these
# districts, but have very similar populations.  In fact, Wikipedia currently
# lists them both as having 3528 people, exactly 1668 males and 1860 females
# each!  (Yikes!)
# https://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Srednekolymsky_District&oldid=603435276
# https://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Verkhnekolymsky_District&oldid=594378493
# Assume this is a mistake, albeit an amusing one.
#
# Looking at censuses, the populations of the two municipalities seem to have
# fluctuated recently.  Zyryanka was more populous than Srednekolymsk in the
# 1989 and 2002 censuses, but Srednekolymsk was more populous in the most
# recent (2010) census, 3525 to 3170.  (See pages 195 and 197 of
# http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/Documents/Vol1/pub-01-05.pdf
# in Russian.)  In addition, Srednekolymsk appears to be a much older
# settlement and the population of Zyryanka seems to be declining.
# Go with Srednekolymsk.

Zone Asia/Srednekolymsk 10:14:52 - LMT 1924 May  2
   10:00 - +10 1930 Jun 21
   11:00 Russia +11/+12 1991 Mar 31  2:00s
   10:00 Russia +10/+11 1992 Jan 19  2:00s
   11:00 Russia +11/+12 2011 Mar 27  2:00s
   12:00 - +12 2014 Oct 26  2:00s
   11:00 - +11


# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
# Asia/Ust-Nera covers parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
# 14-22 **** Oymyakonsky District

# From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
# Ojmyakonskij [and the Kuril Islands] switched from
# Magadan time to Vladivostok time in 2011.
#
# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06), per Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-02):
# It's unlikely that any of the Kuril Islands were involved in such a switch,
# as the South and Middle Kurils have been on UTC+11 (SAKT) with the rest of
# Sakhalin Oblast since at least 2011-09, and the North Kurils have been on
# UTC+12 since at least then, too.

Zone Asia/Ust-Nera  9:32:54 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
    8:00 - +08 1930 Jun 21
    9:00 Russia +09/+10 1981 Apr  1
   11:00 Russia +11/+12 1991 Mar 31  2:00s
   10:00 Russia +10/+11 1992 Jan 19  2:00s
   11:00 Russia +11/+12 2011 Mar 27  2:00s
   12:00 - +12 2011 Sep 13  0:00s # Decree 725?
   11:00 - +11 2014 Oct 26  2:00s
   10:00 - +10


# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
# Asia/Kamchatka covers...
# 91 RU-KAM Kamchatka Krai
#
# Note: Effective 2007-07-01, (41) Kamchatka Oblast and (82) Koryak
# Autonomous Okrug merged to form (91, RU-KAM) Kamchatka Krai.

# The Zone name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski or perhaps
# Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, but these are too long.
Zone Asia/Kamchatka 10:34:36 - LMT 1922 Nov 10
   11:00 - +11 1930 Jun 21
   12:00 Russia +12/+13 1991 Mar 31  2:00s
   11:00 Russia +11/+12 1992 Jan 19  2:00s
   12:00 Russia +12/+13 2010 Mar 28  2:00s
   11:00 Russia +11/+12 2011 Mar 27  2:00s
   12:00 - +12


# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
# Asia/Anadyr covers...
# 87 RU-CHU Chukotka Autonomous Okrug

Zone Asia/Anadyr 11:49:56 - LMT 1924 May  2
   12:00 - +12 1930 Jun 21
   13:00 Russia +13/+14 1982 Apr  1  0:00s
   12:00 Russia +12/+13 1991 Mar 31  2:00s
   11:00 Russia +11/+12 1992 Jan 19  2:00s
   12:00 Russia +12/+13 2010 Mar 28  2:00s
   11:00 Russia +11/+12 2011 Mar 27  2:00s
   12:00 - +12


# San Marino
# See Europe/Rome.

# Serbia
# Zone NAME  GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
   1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
   1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
   1:00 - CET 1945 May  8  2:00s
   1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16  2:00s
# Metod KoÅ¾elj reports that the legal date of
# transition to EU rules was 1982-11-27, for all of Yugoslavia at the time.
# Shanks & Pottenger don't give as much detail, so go with KoÅ¾elj.
   1:00 - CET 1982 Nov 27
   1:00 EU CE%sT
Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Ljubljana # Slovenia
Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Podgorica # Montenegro
Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Sarajevo # Bosnia and Herzegovina
Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Skopje # Macedonia
Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Zagreb # Croatia

# Slovakia
Link Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava

# Slovenia
# See Europe/Belgrade.

# Spain
#
# From Paul Eggert (2016-12-14):
#
# The source for Europe/Madrid before 2013 is:
# Planesas P. La hora oficial en EspaÃ±a y sus cambios.
# Anuario del Observatorio AstronÃ³mico de Madrid (2013, in Spanish).
# http://astronomia.ign.es/rknowsys-theme/images/webAstro/paginas/documentos/Anuario/lahoraoficialenespana.pdf
# As this source says that historical time in the Canaries is obscure,
# and it does not discuss Ceuta, stick with Shanks for now for that data.
#
# In the 1918 and 1919 fallback transitions in Spain, the clock for
# the hour-longer day officially kept going after midnight, so that
# the repeated instances of that day's 00:00 hour were 24 hours apart,
# with a fallback transition from the second occurrence of 00:59... to
# the next day's 00:00.  Our data format cannot represent this
# directly, and instead repeats the first hour of the next day, with a
# fallback transition from the next day's 00:59... to 00:00.

# From Michael Deckers (2016-12-15):
# The Royal Decree of 1900-06-26 quoted by Planesas, online at
# https://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1900/209/A00383-00384.pdf
# says in its article 5 (my translation):
# These dispositions will enter into force beginning with the
# instant at which, according to the time indicated in article 1,
# the 1st day of January of 1901 will begin.

# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule Spain 1918 only - Apr 15 23:00 1:00 S
Rule Spain 1918 1919 - Oct  6 24:00s 0 -
Rule Spain 1919 only - Apr  6 23:00 1:00 S
Rule Spain 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00 1:00 S
Rule Spain 1924 only - Oct  4 24:00s 0 -
Rule Spain 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00 1:00 S
Rule Spain 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 24:00s 0 -
Rule Spain 1927 only - Apr  9 23:00 1:00 S
Rule Spain 1928 only - Apr 15  0:00 1:00 S
Rule Spain 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00 1:00 S
# Republican Spain during the civil war; it controlled Madrid until 1939-03-28.
Rule Spain 1937 only - Jun 16 23:00 1:00 S
Rule Spain 1937 only - Oct  2 24:00s 0 -
Rule Spain 1938 only - Apr  2 23:00 1:00 S
Rule Spain 1938 only - Apr 30 23:00 2:00 M
Rule Spain 1938 only - Oct  2 24:00 1:00 S
# The following rules are for unified Spain again.
#
# Planesas does not say what happened in Madrid between its fall on
# 1939-03-28 and the Nationalist spring-forward transition on
# 1939-04-15.  For lack of better info, assume Madrid's clocks did not
# change during that period.
#
# The first rule is commented out, as it is redundant for Republican Spain.
#Rule Spain 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00 1:00 S
Rule Spain 1939 only - Oct  7 24:00s 0 -
Rule Spain 1942 only - May  2 23:00 1:00 S
Rule Spain 1942 only - Sep  1  1:00 0 -
Rule Spain 1943 1946 - Apr Sat>=13 23:00 1:00 S
Rule Spain 1943 1944 - Oct Sun>=1  1:00 0 -
Rule Spain 1945 1946 - Sep lastSun  1:00 0 -
Rule Spain 1949 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
Rule Spain 1949 only - Oct  2  1:00 0 -
Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Apr Sat>=12 23:00 1:00 S
Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Oct Sun>=1  1:00 0 -
Rule Spain 1976 only - Mar 27 23:00 1:00 S
Rule Spain 1976 1977 - Sep lastSun  1:00 0 -
Rule Spain 1977 only - Apr  2 23:00 1:00 S
Rule Spain 1978 only - Apr  2  2:00s 1:00 S
Rule Spain 1978 only - Oct  1  2:00s 0 -
# Nationalist Spain during the civil war
#Rule NatSpain 1937 only - May 22 23:00 1:00 S
#Rule NatSpain 1937 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 24:00s 0 -
#Rule NatSpain 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00 1:00 S
# The following rules are copied from Morocco from 1967 through 1978.
Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Jun  3 12:00 1:00 S
Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Oct  1  0:00 0 -
Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Jun 24  0:00 1:00 S
Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Sep  1  0:00 0 -
Rule SpainAfrica 1976 1977 - May  1  0:00 1:00 S
Rule SpainAfrica 1976 only - Aug  1  0:00 0 -
Rule SpainAfrica 1977 only - Sep 28  0:00 0 -
Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Jun  1  0:00 1:00 S
Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Aug  4  0:00 0 -
# Zone NAME  GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Madrid -0:14:44 - LMT 1900 Dec 31 23:45:16
    0:00 Spain WE%sT 1940 Mar 16 23:00
    1:00 Spain CE%sT 1979
    1:00 EU CE%sT
Zone Africa/Ceuta -0:21:16 - LMT 1900 Dec 31 23:38:44
    0:00 - WET 1918 May  6 23:00
    0:00 1:00 WEST 1918 Oct  7 23:00
    0:00 - WET 1924
    0:00 Spain WE%sT 1929
    0:00 SpainAfrica WE%sT 1984 Mar 16
    1:00 - CET 1986
    1:00 EU CE%sT
Zone Atlantic/Canary -1:01:36 - LMT 1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C.
   -1:00 - -01 1946 Sep 30  1:00
    0:00 - WET 1980 Apr  6  0:00s
    0:00 1:00 WEST 1980 Sep 28  1:00u
    0:00 EU WE%sT
# IATA SSIM (1996-09) says the Canaries switch at 2:00u, not 1:00u.
# Ignore this for now, as the Canaries are part of the EU.

# Sweden

# From Ivan Nilsson (2001-04-13), superseding Shanks & Pottenger:
#
# The law "Svensk fÃ¶rfattningssamling 1878, no 14" about standard time in 1879:
# From the beginning of 1879 (that is 01-01 00:00) the time for all
# places in the country is "the mean solar time for the meridian at
# three degrees, or twelve minutes of time, to the west of the
# meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm".  The law is dated 1878-05-31.
#
# The observatory at that time had the meridian 18 degrees 03' 30"
# eastern longitude = 01:12:14 in time.  Less 12 minutes gives the
# national standard time as 01:00:14 ahead of GMT....
#
# About the beginning of CET in Sweden. The lawtext ("Svensk
# fÃ¶rfattningssamling 1899, no 44") states, that "from the beginning
# of 1900... ... the same as the mean solar time for the meridian at
# the distance of one hour of time from the meridian of the English
# observatory at Greenwich, or at 12 minutes 14 seconds to the west
# from the meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated
# 1899-06-16.  In short: At 1900-01-01 00:00:00 the new standard time
# in Sweden is 01:00:00 ahead of GMT.
#
# 1916: The lawtext ("Svensk fÃ¶rfattningssamling 1916, no 124") states
# that "1916-05-15 is considered to begin one hour earlier". It is
# pretty obvious that at 05-14 23:00 the clocks are set to 05-15 00:00....
# Further the law says, that "1916-09-30 is considered to end one hour later".
#
# The laws regulating [DST] are available on the site of the Swedish
# Parliament beginning with 1985 - the laws regulating 1980/1984 are
# not available on the site (to my knowledge they are only available
# in Swedish):  (type
# "sommartid" without the quotes in the field "Fritext" and then click
# the SÃ¶k-button).
#
# (2001-05-13):
#
# I have now found a newspaper stating that at 1916-10-01 01:00
# summertime the church-clocks etc were set back one hour to show
# 1916-10-01 00:00 standard time.  The article also reports that some
# people thought the switch to standard time would take place already
# at 1916-10-01 00:00 summer time, but they had to wait for another
# hour before the event took place.
#
# Source: The newspaper "Dagens Nyheter", 1916-10-01, page 7 upper left.

# Zone NAME  GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Stockholm 1:12:12 - LMT 1879 Jan  1
   1:00:14 - SET 1900 Jan  1 # Swedish Time
   1:00 - CET 1916 May 14 23:00
   1:00 1:00 CEST 1916 Oct  1  1:00
   1:00 - CET 1980
   1:00 EU CE%sT

# Switzerland
# From Howse:
# By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace
# and their performance improved enormously.  Communities began to keep
# mean time in preference to apparent time - Geneva from 1780 ....
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
# From Whitman (who writes "Midnight?"):
# Rule Swiss 1940 only - Nov  2 0:00 1:00 S
# Rule Swiss 1940 only - Dec 31 0:00 0 -
# From Shanks & Pottenger:
# Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
# Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 -

# From Alois Treindl (2008-12-17):
# I have researched the DST usage in Switzerland during the 1940ies.
#
# As I wrote in an earlier message, I suspected the current tzdata values
# to be wrong. This is now verified.
#
# I have found copies of the original ruling by the Swiss Federal
# government, in 'EidgenÃ¶ssische Gesetzessammlung 1941 and 1942' (Swiss
# federal law collection)...
#
# DST began on Monday 5 May 1941, 1:00 am by shifting the clocks to 2:00 am
# DST ended on Monday 6 Oct 1941, 2:00 am by shifting the clocks to 1:00 am.
#
# DST began on Monday, 4 May 1942 at 01:00 am
# DST ended on Monday, 5 Oct 1942 at 02:00 am
#
# There was no DST in 1940, I have checked the law collection carefully.
# It is also indicated by the fact that the 1942 entry in the law
# collection points back to 1941 as a reference, but no reference to any
# other years are made.
#
# Newspaper articles I have read in the archives on 6 May 1941 reported
# about the introduction of DST (Sommerzeit in German) during the previous
# night as an absolute novelty, because this was the first time that such
# a thing had happened in Switzerland.
#
# I have also checked 1916, because one book source (Gabriel, TraitÃ© de
# l'heure dans le monde) claims that Switzerland had DST in 1916. This is
# false, no official document could be found. Probably Gabriel got misled
# by references to Germany, which introduced DST in 1916 for the first time.
#
# The tzdata rules for Switzerland must be changed to:
# Rule  Swiss   1941    1942    -       May     Mon>=1  1:00    1:00    S
# Rule  Swiss   1941    1942    -       Oct     Mon>=1  2:00    0       -
#
# The 1940 rules must be deleted.
#
# One further detail for Switzerland, which is probably out of scope for
# most users of tzdata: The [Europe/Zurich zone] ...
# describes all of Switzerland correctly, with the exception of
# the Canton de GenÃ¨ve (Geneva, Genf). Between 1848 and 1894 Geneva did not
# follow Bern Mean Time but kept its own local mean time.
# To represent this, an extra zone would be needed.
#
# From Alois Treindl (2013-09-11):
# The Federal regulations say
# https://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20071096/index.html
# ... the meridian for Bern mean time ... is 7 degrees 26' 22.50".
# Expressed in time, it is 0h29m45.5s.

# From Pierre-Yves Berger (2013-09-11):
# the "Circulaire du conseil fÃ©dÃ©ral" (December 11 1893)
# http://www.amtsdruckschriften.bar.admin.ch/viewOrigDoc.do?id=10071353
# clearly states that the [1894-06-01] change should be done at midnight
# but if no one is present after 11 at night, could be postponed until one
# hour before the beginning of service.

# From Paul Eggert (2013-09-11):
# Round BMT to the nearest even second, 0:29:46.
#
# We can find no reliable source for Shanks's assertion that all of Switzerland
# except Geneva switched to Bern Mean Time at 00:00 on 1848-09-12.  This book:
#
# Jakob Messerli. GleichmÃ¤ssig, pÃ¼nktlich, schnell. Zeiteinteilung und
# Zeitgebrauch in der Schweiz im 19. Jahrhundert. Chronos, Zurich 1995,
# ISBN 3-905311-68-2, OCLC 717570797.
#
# suggests that the transition was more gradual, and that the Swiss did not
# agree about civil time during the transition.  The timekeeping it gives the
# most detail for is postal and telegraph time: here, federal legislation (the
# "Bundesgesetz Ã¼ber die Erstellung von elektrischen Telegraphen") passed on
# 1851-11-23, and an official implementation notice was published 1853-07-16
# (Bundesblatt 1853, Bd. II, S. 859).  On p 72 Messerli writes that in
# practice since July 1853 Bernese time was used in "all postal and telegraph
# offices in Switzerland from Geneva to St. Gallen and Basel to Chiasso"
# (Google translation).  For now, model this transition as occurring on
# 1853-07-16, though it probably occurred at some other date in Zurich, and
# legal civil time probably changed at still some other transition date.

# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Mon>=1 1:00 1:00 S
Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Mon>=1 2:00 0 -
# Zone NAME  GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Zurich 0:34:08 - LMT 1853 Jul 16 # See above comment.
   0:29:46 - BMT 1894 Jun    # Bern Mean Time
   1:00 Swiss CE%sT 1981
   1:00 EU CE%sT

# Turkey

# From KÄ±vanÃ§ Yazan (2016-09-25):
# 1) For 1986-2006, DST started at 01:00 local and ended at 02:00 local, with
#    no exceptions.
# 2) 1994's lastSun was overridden with Mar 20 ...
# Here are official papers:
# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/19032.pdf  - page 2 for 1986
# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/19400.pdf  - page 4 for 1987
# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/19752.pdf  - page 15 for 1988
# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/20102.pdf  - page 6 for 1989
# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/20464.pdf  - page 1 for 1990 - 1992
# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/21531.pdf  - page 15 for 1993 - 1995
# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/21879.pdf  - page 1 for overriding 1994
# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/22588.pdf  - page 1 for 1996, 1997
# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/23286.pdf  - page 10 for 1998 - 2000
# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2001/03/20010324.htm#2  - for 2001
# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2002/03/20020316.htm#2  - for 2002-2006
# From Paul Eggert (2016-09-25):
# Prefer the above sources to Shanks & Pottenger for time stamps after 1985.

# From Steffen Thorsen (2007-03-09):
# Starting 2007 though, it seems that they are adopting EU's 1:00 UTC
# start/end time, according to the following page (2007-03-07):
# http://www.ntvmsnbc.com/news/402029.asp
# The official document is located here - it is in Turkish...:
# http://rega.basbakanlik.gov.tr/eskiler/2007/03/20070307-7.htm
# I was able to locate the following seemingly official document
# (on a non-government server though) describing dates between 2002 and 2006:
# http://www.alomaliye.com/bkk_2002_3769.htm

# From GÃ¶kdeniz KaradaÄŸ (2011-03-10):
# According to the articles linked below, Turkey will change into summer
# time zone (GMT+3) on March 28, 2011 at 3:00 a.m. instead of March 27.
# This change is due to a nationwide exam on 27th.
# https://www.worldbulletin.net/?aType=haber&ArticleID=70872
# Turkish:
# https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/yaz-saati-uygulamasi-bir-gun-ileri-alindi-17230464

# From Faruk Pasin (2014-02-14):
# The DST for Turkey has been changed for this year because of the
# Turkish Local election....
# http://www.sabah.com.tr/Ekonomi/2014/02/12/yaz-saatinde-onemli-degisiklik
# ... so Turkey will move clocks forward one hour on March 31 at 3:00 a.m.
# From Randal L. Schwartz (2014-04-15):
# Having landed on a flight from the states to Istanbul (via AMS) on March 31,
# I can tell you that NOBODY (even the airlines) respected this timezone DST
# change delay.  Maybe the word just didn't get out in time.
# From Paul Eggert (2014-06-15):
# The press reported massive confusion, as election officials obeyed the rule
# change but cell phones (and airline baggage systems) did not.  See:
# Kostidis M. Eventful elections in Turkey. Balkan News Agency
# http://www.balkaneu.com/eventful-elections-turkey/ 2014-03-30.
# I guess the best we can do is document the official time.

# From Fatih (2015-09-29):
# It's officially announced now by the Ministry of Energy.
# Turkey delays winter time to 8th of November 04:00
# http://www.aa.com.tr/tr/turkiye/yaz-saati-uygulamasi-8-kasimda-sona-erecek/362217
#
# From BBC News (2015-10-25):
# Confused Turks are asking "what's the time?" after automatic clocks defied a
# government decision ... "For the next two weeks #Turkey is on EEST... Erdogan
# Engineered Standard Time," said Twitter user @aysekarahasan.
# http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-34631326

# From Burak AYDIN (2016-09-08):
# Turkey will stay in Daylight Saving Time even in winter....
# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2016/09/20160908-2.pdf
#
# From Paul Eggert (2016-09-07):
# The change is permanent, so this is the new standard time in Turkey.
# It takes effect today, which is not much notice.

# From KÄ±vanÃ§ Yazan (2017-10-28):
# Turkey will go back to Daylight Saving Time starting 2018-10.
# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2017/10/20171028-5.pdf
#
# From Even Scharning (2017-11-08):
# ... today it was announced that the DST will become "continuous":
# http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/son-dakika-yaz-saati-uygulamasi-surekli-hale-geldi-40637482
# From Paul Eggert (2017-11-08):
# Although Google Translate misfires on that source, it looks like
# Turkey reversed last month's decision, and so will stay at +03.

# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule Turkey 1916 only - May  1 0:00 1:00 S
Rule Turkey 1916 only - Oct  1 0:00 0 -
Rule Turkey 1920 only - Mar 28 0:00 1:00 S
Rule Turkey 1920 only - Oct 25 0:00 0 -
Rule Turkey 1921 only - Apr  3 0:00 1:00 S
Rule Turkey 1921 only - Oct  3 0:00 0 -
Rule Turkey 1922 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 S
Rule Turkey 1922 only - Oct  8 0:00 0 -
# Whitman gives 1923 Apr 28 - Sep 16 and no DST in 1924-1925;
# go with Shanks & Pottenger.
Rule Turkey 1924 only - May 13 0:00 1:00 S
Rule Turkey 1924 1925 - Oct  1 0:00 0 -
Rule Turkey 1925 only - May  1 0:00 1:00 S
Rule Turkey 1940 only - Jun 30 0:00 1:00 S
Rule Turkey 1940 only - Oct  5 0:00 0 -
Rule Turkey 1940 only - Dec  1 0:00 1:00 S
Rule Turkey 1941 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 -
Rule Turkey 1942 only - Apr  1 0:00 1:00 S
# Whitman omits the next two transition and gives 1945 Oct 1;
# go with Shanks & Pottenger.
Rule Turkey 1942 only - Nov  1 0:00 0 -
Rule Turkey 1945 only - Apr  2 0:00 1:00 S
Rule Turkey 1945 only - Oct  8 0:00 0 -
Rule Turkey 1946 only - Jun  1 0:00 1:00 S
Rule Turkey 1946 only - Oct  1 0:00 0 -
Rule Turkey 1947 1948 - Apr Sun>=16 0:00 1:00 S
Rule Turkey 1947 1950 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
Rule Turkey 1949 only - Apr 10 0:00 1:00 S
Rule Turkey 1950 only - Apr 19 0:00 1:00 S
Rule Turkey 1951 only - Apr 22 0:00 1:00 S
Rule Turkey 1951 only - Oct  8 0:00 0 -
Rule Turkey 1962 only - Jul 15 0:00 1:00 S
Rule Turkey 1962 only - Oct  8 0:00 0 -
Rule Turkey 1964 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
Rule Turkey 1964 only - Oct  1 0:00 0 -
Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - May Sun>=2 0:00 1:00 S
Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
Rule Turkey 1973 only - Jun  3 1:00 1:00 S
Rule Turkey 1973 only - Nov  4 3:00 0 -
Rule Turkey 1974 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
Rule Turkey 1974 only - Nov  3 5:00 0 -
Rule Turkey 1975 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S
Rule Turkey 1975 1976 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
Rule Turkey 1976 only - Jun  1 0:00 1:00 S
Rule Turkey 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
Rule Turkey 1977 only - Oct 16 0:00 0 -
Rule Turkey 1979 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 3:00 1:00 S
Rule Turkey 1979 1982 - Oct Mon>=11 0:00 0 -
Rule Turkey 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 3:00 1:00 S
Rule Turkey 1983 only - Jul 31 0:00 1:00 S
Rule Turkey 1983 only - Oct  2 0:00 0 -
Rule Turkey 1985 only - Apr 20 0:00 1:00 S
Rule Turkey 1985 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
Rule Turkey 1986 1993 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
Rule Turkey 1986 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
Rule Turkey 1994 only - Mar 20 1:00s 1:00 S
Rule Turkey 1995 2006 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
Rule Turkey 1996 2006 - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 -
# Zone NAME  GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Istanbul 1:55:52 - LMT 1880
   1:56:56 - IMT 1910 Oct # Istanbul Mean Time?
   2:00 Turkey EE%sT 1978 Oct 15
   3:00 Turkey +03/+04 1985 Apr 20
   2:00 Turkey EE%sT 2007
   2:00 EU EE%sT 2011 Mar 27  1:00u
   2:00 - EET 2011 Mar 28  1:00u
   2:00 EU EE%sT 2014 Mar 30  1:00u
   2:00 - EET 2014 Mar 31  1:00u
   2:00 EU EE%sT 2015 Oct 25  1:00u
   2:00 1:00 EEST 2015 Nov  8  1:00u
   2:00 EU EE%sT 2016 Sep  7
   3:00 - +03
Link Europe/Istanbul Asia/Istanbul # Istanbul is in both continents.

# Ukraine
#
# From Igor Karpov, who works for the Ukrainian Ministry of Justice,
# via Garrett Wollman (2003-01-27):
# BTW, I've found the official document on this matter. It's government
# regulations No. 509, May 13, 1996. In my poor translation it says:
# "Time in Ukraine is set to second timezone (Kiev time). Each last Sunday
# of March at 3am the time is changing to 4am and each last Sunday of
# October the time at 4am is changing to 3am"

# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-09-20):
# On September 20, 2011 the deputies of the Verkhovna Rada agreed to
# abolish the transfer clock to winter time.
#
# Bill No. 8330 of MP from the Party of Regions Oleg Nadoshi got
# approval from 266 deputies.
#
# Ukraine abolishes transfer back to the winter time (in Russian)
# http://news.mail.ru/politics/6861560/
#
# The Ukrainians will no longer change the clock (in Russian)
# http://www.segodnya.ua/news/14290482.html
#
# Deputies cancelled the winter time (in Russian)
# https://www.pravda.com.ua/rus/news/2011/09/20/6600616/
#
# From Philip Pizzey (2011-10-18):
# Today my Ukrainian colleagues have informed me that the
# Ukrainian parliament have decided that they will go to winter
# time this year after all.
#
# From Udo Schwedt (2011-10-18):
# As far as I understand, the recent change to the Ukrainian time zone
# (Europe/Kiev) to introduce permanent daylight saving time (similar
# to Russia) was reverted today:
# http://portal.rada.gov.ua/rada/control/en/publish/article/info_left?art_id=287324&cat_id=105995
#
# Also reported by Alexander Bokovoy (2011-10-18) who also noted:
# The law documents themselves are at
# http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/zweb_n/webproc4_1?id=&pf3511=41484

# From Vladimir in Moscow via Alois Treindl re Kiev time 1991/2 (2014-02-28):
# First in Ukraine they changed Time zone from UTC+3 to UTC+2 with DST:
#       03 25 1990 02:00 -03.00 1       Time Zone 3 with DST
#       07 01 1990 02:00 -02.00 1       Time Zone 2 with DST
# * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 18.06.1990, No. 134.
# http://search.ligazakon.ua/l_doc2.nsf/link1/T001500.html
#
# They did not end DST in September, 1990 (according to the law,
# "summer time" was still in action):
#       09 30 1990 03:00 -02.00 1       Time Zone 2 with DST
# * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 21.09.1990, No. 272.
# http://search.ligazakon.ua/l_doc2.nsf/link1/KP900272.html
#
# Again no change in March, 1991 ("summer time" in action):
#       03 31 1991 02:00 -02.00 1       Time Zone 2 with DST
#
# DST ended in September 1991 ("summer time" ended):
#       09 29 1991 03:00 -02.00 0       Time Zone 2, no DST
# * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 25.09.1991, No. 225.
# http://www.uazakon.com/documents/date_21/pg_iwgdoc.htm
# This is an answer.
#
# Since 1992 they had normal DST procedure:
#       03 29 1992 02:00 -02.00 1       DST started
#       09 27 1992 03:00 -02.00 0       DST ended
# * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 20.03.1992, No. 139.
# http://www.uazakon.com/documents/date_8u/pg_grcasa.htm

# Zone NAME  GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
# Most of Ukraine since 1970 has been like Kiev.
# "Kyiv" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but
# "Kiev" is more common in English.
Zone Europe/Kiev 2:02:04 - LMT 1880
   2:02:04 - KMT 1924 May  2 # Kiev Mean Time
   2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
   3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 20
   1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Nov  6
   3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 Jul  1  2:00
   2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29  3:00
   2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
   2:00 EU EE%sT
# Ruthenia used CET 1990/1991.
# "Uzhhorod" is the transliteration of the Rusyn/Ukrainian pronunciation, but
# "Uzhgorod" is more common in English.
Zone Europe/Uzhgorod 1:29:12 - LMT 1890 Oct
   1:00 - CET 1940
   1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
   1:00 1:00 CEST 1944 Oct 26
   1:00 - CET 1945 Jun 29
   3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
   3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul  1  2:00
   1:00 - CET 1991 Mar 31  3:00
   2:00 - EET 1992
   2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
   2:00 EU EE%sT
# Zaporozh'ye and eastern Lugansk oblasts observed DST 1990/1991.
# "Zaporizhia" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but
# "Zaporozh'ye" is more common in English.  Use the common English
# spelling, except omit the apostrophe as it is not allowed in
# portable Posix file names.
Zone Europe/Zaporozhye 2:20:40 - LMT 1880
   2:20 - +0220 1924 May  2
   2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
   3:00 - MSK 1941 Aug 25
   1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Oct 25
   3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31  2:00
   2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
   2:00 EU EE%sT

# Vatican City
# See Europe/Rome.

###############################################################################

# One source shows that Bulgaria, Cyprus, Finland, and Greece observe DST from
# the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in September in 1986.
# The source shows Romania changing a day later than everybody else.
#
# According to Bernard Sieloff's source, Poland is in the MET time zone but
# uses the WE DST rules.  The Western USSR uses EET+1 and ME DST rules.
# Bernard Sieloff's source claims Romania switches on the same day, but at
# 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST).  It also claims that Turkey
# switches on the same day, but switches on at 01:00 standard time
# and off at 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST)

# ...
# Date: Wed, 28 Jan 87 16:56:27 -0100
# From: Tom Hofmann
# ...
#
# ...the European time rules are...standardized since 1981, when
# most European countries started DST.  Before that year, only
# a few countries (UK, France, Italy) had DST, each according
# to own national rules.  In 1981, however, DST started on
# 'Apr firstSun', and not on 'Mar lastSun' as in the following
# years...
# But also since 1981 there are some more national exceptions
# than listed in 'europe': Switzerland, for example, joined DST
# one year later, Denmark ended DST on 'Oct 1' instead of 'Sep
# lastSun' in 1981 - I don't know how they handle now.
#
# Finally, DST ist always from 'Apr 1' to 'Oct 1' in the
# Soviet Union (as far as I know).
#
# Tom Hofmann, Scientific Computer Center, CIBA-GEIGY AG,
# 4002 Basle, Switzerland
# ...

# ...
# Date: Wed, 4 Feb 87 22:35:22 +0100
# From: Dik T. Winter
# ...
#
# The information from Tom Hofmann is (as far as I know) not entirely correct.
# After a request from chongo at amdahl I tried to retrieve all information
# about DST in Europe.  I was able to find all from about 1969.
#
# ...standardization on DST in Europe started in about 1977 with switches on
# first Sunday in April and last Sunday in September...
# In 1981 UK joined Europe insofar that
# the starting day for both shifted to last Sunday in March.  And from 1982
# the whole of Europe used DST, with switch dates April 1 and October 1 in
# the Sov[i]et Union.  In 1985 the SU reverted to standard Europe[a]n switch
# dates...
#
# It should also be remembered that time-zones are not constants; e.g.
# Portugal switched in 1976 from MET (or CET) to WET with DST...
# Note also that though there were rules for switch dates not
# all countries abided to these dates, and many individual deviations
# occurred, though not since 1982 I believe.  Another note: it is always
# assumed that DST is 1 hour ahead of normal time, this need not be the
# case; at least in the Netherlands there have been times when DST was 2 hours
# in advance of normal time.
#
# ...
# dik t. winter, cwi, amsterdam, nederland
# ...

# From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
# ...
# Greece: Last Sunday in April to last Sunday in September (iffy on dates).
# Since 1978.  Change at midnight.
# ...
# Monaco: has same DST as France.
# ...